Chapter 7- The Muscular System

Question 0

What is hyperplasia

Answer 0

Mutation is in the Myostatin gene that normally stops muscle cell division at birth. Mutation also reduces fat deposition and muscle. Had a have high muscle to body weight ratio.

Question 1

What are the Belgian blue

Answer 1

Abraded beef cattle that have double muscling phenotype and very lean meat. Heard about condition of hyperplasia (increased number of muscle cells) rather than usual hypertrophy (increased size of cells)

Question 2

What is common in Belgium blues

Answer 2

Dystocia. Difficult births. Common due to size of calf and narrow pins of cow. C-sections are common

Question 3

What is muscle. describe its functions

Answer 3

Muscle is one of four tissue types. Cells can lengthen or shorten due to protein filaments called myofilaments which compose the cytoskeleton. The functions are movement, support body, stabilize joints, reduce heat, compose hollow organs.

Question 4

What is skeletal muscle composed of

Answer 4

Cells composed of alternating thick myosin and thin actin filaments. Give striated appearance. Contraction is the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other

Question 5

What is a muscle

Answer 5

Organ composed the bundles of skeletal muscle cells covered in fibers connective tissue.

Question 6

What is a muscle fiber

Answer 6

Muscle cells surrounded by endomysium

Question 7

What is a fascicle

Answer 7

Bundles of cells surrounded by perimysium

Question 8

Define muscle

Answer 8

Bundles of fascicles surrounded by epimysium and blood vessels, nerves, adipose

Question 9

Describe the anatomy of a muscle

Answer 9

Many have a thick central region called the belly. Injection site. Fascia surrounding muscle tapers into tendons and attaches the bones

Question 10

What is an origin

Answer 10

Attachment to nonremovable bone

Question 11

What is insertion

Answer 11

Attachment to a moveable bone

Question 12

What are tendons

Answer 12

Rope like extensions of the epimysium composed of dense regular fibrous connective tissue

Question 13

What is an aponeurosis

Answer 13

Very flat tendon. Sheets of fibrous connective tissue

Question 14

What is a fleshy attachment

Answer 14

Very short attendance. Give the appearance of muscle connecting directly to bone

Question 15

What is the Linea alba

Answer 15

Most prominent and surgically important aponeurosis. Contains no blood vessels or major nerve. Medially unites abdominal muscles. It is from xiphoid process to pubic bones and common site for medial incision and stitches

Question 16

What is the agonist

Answer 16

Muscle that actively produces a movement

Question 17

What is the antagonist

Answer 17

Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist

Question 18

What is a synergist

Answer 18

Muscle that assists the agonist

Question 19

What is a fixator

Answer 19

Stabilize joints allowing actions to occur.

Question 20

What is an action

Answer 20

Flexion of thoracic limb at elbow joint

Question 21

What is the origin, insertion, action of the biceps brachii muscle

Answer 21

Origin supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Insertion: ulna and radial tuberosities. Action flexes elbow

Question 22

What is the origin, insertion, action of the brachialis

Answer 22

Origin caudalolateral aspect of the proximal humerus. Insertion ulna and radial tuberosities. Action flexes elbow

Question 23

What is the origin, insertion, action of the triceps brachii

Answer 23

Origin caudal border of scapula. Proximal border of humerus. insertion olecranon process of ulna. Action extends elbow

Question 24

What is the origin, insertion, action of the cutaneous trunci muscle

Answer 24

Origin superficial trunk fascia. Insertion superficial shoulder fascia and medial surface of humorous. Action moves the skin of the abdomen

Question 25

What is the masseter muscle used for

Answer 25

Chewing. To close mandible. Origin maxillary, zygomatic arch | Insertion. Mandible lateral, caudal aspect

Question 26

What is the origin and insertion of the temporalis

Answer 26

Assists in chewing. Origin Temporal bones. Insertion mandible

Question 27

What is the digastricus muscle

Answer 27

Opens the jaw. Mandible

Question 28

What is MMM

Answer 28

Most common inflammatory myopathy in dogs. Affects mainly large breeds. Affects muscles of mastication. Acute swelling difficulty in opening mouth chronic: atrophy of muscles Scaring of muscles reduce Jaw mobility. cause: autoimmune disorder. treatment: immunosuppressants

Question 29

Whether the actions of the neck muscles

Answer 29

Raise neck (extend) lower neck (flex) turns head, lift shoulder (extend)

Question 30

What is clostridial myositis

Answer 30

Caused by anerobic bacteria get pushed into muscles in injection. Fever, gas in tissues. Treatment: antibiotics

Question 31

What do the abdominal muscles

Answer 31

Hold viscera in place. Assist in respiration, coughing, defecation, urination, parturition

Question 32

What movements are possible with the abdominal muscles

Answer 32

Lift arch back, rotate twist trunk.

Question 33

What are the four layers of the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep

Answer 33

External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis

Question 34

What is the origin and insertion of the Extertal abdominal oblique

Answer 34

The origin last rib thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion linea Alba

Question 35

What is the origin and insertion of the internal abdominal oblique

Answer 35

Origin thoracolumbar fascia, insertion linea Alba

Question 36

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis

Answer 36

Origin sternum insertion pubis

Question 37

What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominus

Answer 37

Origin thoracolumbar fascia insertion linea Alba

Question 38

What are the epaxial muscles in the trunk region

Answer 38

Dorsal muscles

Question 39

Are the hypaxial muscles in the trunk region

Answer 39

Diaphragm, Limb & ab muscles

Question 40

What are the muscles of the forelimb

Answer 40

Pectoral, bicep, tricep

Question 41

What are the actions of the forelimb

Answer 41

Flexor, extensor

Question 42

What are the muscles of the hindlimb

Answer 42

Gluteal, quadricep, hamstring

Question 43

What muscles compose the hamstring group

Answer 43

Biceps femoris, semimembranous, semitendinosus

Question 44

What are the pros of intramuscular injections

Answer 44

Faster acting then subcutaneous. Less difficult than intravenous

Question 45

What are the cons of intramuscular injections

Answer 45

Requires large muscle, can administer less volume, caution of injecting blood vessels and nerves, possibility of vaccine induced sarcomas

Question 46

Which muscles make up the shoulder/brachium

Answer 46

Pectoral, latissimus dorsi

Question 47

What are the actions of the pectoral/latissimus dorsi muscles

Answer 47

Abduction, abduction, extension

Question 48

What muscles compose the brachium/anti-brachium

Answer 48

Biceps brachii, triceps brachii

Question 49

What are the actions of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Answer 49

Extensors, flexors

Question 50

What muscles make up the hindlimb

Answer 50

Gluteal muscles, hamstring group, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius

Question 51

What are skeletal muscles composed of

Answer 51

Skeletal muscle cells equal muscle fibers. Nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue sheath, attachments

Question 52

What are the three types of connective tissue sheaths

Answer 52

Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium

Question 53

What are the three types of attachments

Answer 53

Tendon, aponeurosis, fleshy

Question 54

Describe a muscle fiber

Answer 54

Cylindrical thin and long. Multi-nucleated, located on periphery of cell beneath cell membrane equals sarcolemma

Question 55

What Are myofibrils

Answer 55

Bundles of myofilaments actin and myosin

Question 56

What is a sarcolemma

Answer 56

A cell membrane

Question 57

What are the invagination's called on the sarcolemma

Answer 57

T-tubules

Question 58

what is a sarcoplasm

Answer 58

A cytoplasm

Question 59

What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 59

Smooth ER. Many mitochondria

Question 60

What is the cytoskeleton of a skeletal muscle cell composed of

Answer 60

Composed of repeating units of overlapping myofilaments, actin and myosin

Question 61

What is the Sarcomere

Answer 61

Functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell. Region of a myofibril between two successive z lines. Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins

Question 62

Where do motoneurons trigger the contraction of skeletal muscle cell

Answer 62

At the neuromuscular junction

Question 63

What is another name for the neuromuscular junction

Answer 63

The motor and plate

Question 64

When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to the sarcolemma what happens

Answer 64

There is a release of calcium 2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium 2+ ions allow binding of acting and my Ocend to form cross bridges. Contraction occurs when filament slide past each other. ATP breaks the cross bridges equals relaxation

Question 65

What is ATP

Answer 65

The molecule of energy for cell. Made by the process of cellular respiration aerobic and anaerobic.

Question 66

What is the O2 source for aerobic respiration

Answer 66

Myoglobin

Question 67

What is the energy source for respiration

Answer 67

Glycogen

Question 68

Describe cardiac muscle

Answer 68

Smaller cells, Uni nucleated. Branched connect At intercalcated Disks. Can contract without external stimulation

Question 69

What is the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic response

Answer 69

Fight or flight

Question 70

What is the autonomic nervous system's parasympathetic response

Answer 70

Rest and digest

Question 71

What is the sa node

Answer 71

Pacemaker in heart

Question 72

Describe that myofilaments of smooth muscle

Answer 72

Cells ball up rather than shorten, less forceful of contraction. Involuntary respond to stretching affected by autonomic nervous system

Question 73

What is the effect of the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic response on smooth muscle

Answer 73

Decreases visceral smooth muscle contraction

Question 74

What is the autonomic nervous system's parasympathetic response to smooth muscle

Answer 74

Increases visceral smooth muscle contraction

Question 75

What is hypercalcemic periodic paralysis

Answer 75

Equine genetic disorder. Autosomal dominant mutation affects sodium channels of muscle cells. Symptoms range from eyelid twitching abnormal when he muscle twitching weakness in limbs, paralysis. No cure