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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 7- The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- The Muscular System Flashcards

0
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Mutation is in the Myostatin gene that normally stops muscle cell division at birth. Mutation also reduces fat deposition and muscle. Had a have high muscle to body weight ratio.

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1
Q

What are the Belgian blue

A

Abraded beef cattle that have double muscling phenotype and very lean meat. Heard about condition of hyperplasia (increased number of muscle cells) rather than usual hypertrophy (increased size of cells)

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2
Q

What is common in Belgium blues

A

Dystocia. Difficult births. Common due to size of calf and narrow pins of cow. C-sections are common

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3
Q

What is muscle. describe its functions

A

Muscle is one of four tissue types. Cells can lengthen or shorten due to protein filaments called myofilaments which compose the cytoskeleton. The functions are movement, support body, stabilize joints, reduce heat, compose hollow organs.

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4
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of

A

Cells composed of alternating thick myosin and thin actin filaments. Give striated appearance. Contraction is the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other

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5
Q

What is a muscle

A

Organ composed the bundles of skeletal muscle cells covered in fibers connective tissue.

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6
Q

What is a muscle fiber

A

Muscle cells surrounded by endomysium

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7
Q

What is a fascicle

A

Bundles of cells surrounded by perimysium

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8
Q

Define muscle

A

Bundles of fascicles surrounded by epimysium and blood vessels, nerves, adipose

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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of a muscle

A

Many have a thick central region called the belly. Injection site. Fascia surrounding muscle tapers into tendons and attaches the bones

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10
Q

What is an origin

A

Attachment to nonremovable bone

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11
Q

What is insertion

A

Attachment to a moveable bone

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12
Q

What are tendons

A

Rope like extensions of the epimysium composed of dense regular fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

What is an aponeurosis

A

Very flat tendon. Sheets of fibrous connective tissue

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14
Q

What is a fleshy attachment

A

Very short attendance. Give the appearance of muscle connecting directly to bone

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15
Q

What is the Linea alba

A

Most prominent and surgically important aponeurosis. Contains no blood vessels or major nerve. Medially unites abdominal muscles. It is from xiphoid process to pubic bones and common site for medial incision and stitches

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16
Q

What is the agonist

A

Muscle that actively produces a movement

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17
Q

What is the antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist

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18
Q

What is a synergist

A

Muscle that assists the agonist

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19
Q

What is a fixator

A

Stabilize joints allowing actions to occur.

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20
Q

What is an action

A

Flexion of thoracic limb at elbow joint

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21
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action of the biceps brachii muscle

A

Origin supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Insertion: ulna and radial tuberosities. Action flexes elbow

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22
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action of the brachialis

A

Origin caudalolateral aspect of the proximal humerus. Insertion ulna and radial tuberosities. Action flexes elbow

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23
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action of the triceps brachii

A

Origin caudal border of scapula. Proximal border of humerus. insertion olecranon process of ulna. Action extends elbow

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24
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action of the cutaneous trunci muscle

A

Origin superficial trunk fascia. Insertion superficial shoulder fascia and medial surface of humorous. Action moves the skin of the abdomen

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25
Q

What is the masseter muscle used for

A

Chewing. To close mandible. Origin maxillary, zygomatic arch

Insertion. Mandible lateral, caudal aspect

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26
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the temporalis

A

Assists in chewing. Origin Temporal bones. Insertion mandible

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27
Q

What is the digastricus muscle

A

Opens the jaw. Mandible

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28
Q

What is MMM

A

Most common inflammatory myopathy in dogs. Affects mainly large breeds. Affects muscles of mastication. Acute swelling difficulty in opening mouth chronic: atrophy of muscles Scaring of muscles reduce Jaw mobility. cause: autoimmune disorder. treatment: immunosuppressants

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29
Q

Whether the actions of the neck muscles

A

Raise neck (extend) lower neck (flex) turns head, lift shoulder (extend)

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30
Q

What is clostridial myositis

A

Caused by anerobic bacteria get pushed into muscles in injection. Fever, gas in tissues. Treatment: antibiotics

31
Q

What do the abdominal muscles

A

Hold viscera in place. Assist in respiration, coughing, defecation, urination, parturition

32
Q

What movements are possible with the abdominal muscles

A

Lift arch back, rotate twist trunk.

33
Q

What are the four layers of the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep

A

External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis

34
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Extertal abdominal oblique

A

The origin last rib thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion linea Alba

35
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the internal abdominal oblique

A

Origin thoracolumbar fascia, insertion linea Alba

36
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis

A

Origin sternum insertion pubis

37
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominus

A

Origin thoracolumbar fascia insertion linea Alba

38
Q

What are the epaxial muscles in the trunk region

A

Dorsal muscles

39
Q

Are the hypaxial muscles in the trunk region

A

Diaphragm, Limb & ab muscles

40
Q

What are the muscles of the forelimb

A

Pectoral, bicep, tricep

41
Q

What are the actions of the forelimb

A

Flexor, extensor

42
Q

What are the muscles of the hindlimb

A

Gluteal, quadricep, hamstring

43
Q

What muscles compose the hamstring group

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranous, semitendinosus

44
Q

What are the pros of intramuscular injections

A

Faster acting then subcutaneous. Less difficult than intravenous

45
Q

What are the cons of intramuscular injections

A

Requires large muscle, can administer less volume, caution of injecting blood vessels and nerves, possibility of vaccine induced sarcomas

46
Q

Which muscles make up the shoulder/brachium

A

Pectoral, latissimus dorsi

47
Q

What are the actions of the pectoral/latissimus dorsi muscles

A

Abduction, abduction, extension

48
Q

What muscles compose the brachium/anti-brachium

A

Biceps brachii, triceps brachii

49
Q

What are the actions of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii

A

Extensors, flexors

50
Q

What muscles make up the hindlimb

A

Gluteal muscles, hamstring group, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius

51
Q

What are skeletal muscles composed of

A

Skeletal muscle cells equal muscle fibers. Nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue sheath, attachments

52
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue sheaths

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

53
Q

What are the three types of attachments

A

Tendon, aponeurosis, fleshy

54
Q

Describe a muscle fiber

A

Cylindrical thin and long. Multi-nucleated, located on periphery of cell beneath cell membrane equals sarcolemma

55
Q

What Are myofibrils

A

Bundles of myofilaments actin and myosin

56
Q

What is a sarcolemma

A

A cell membrane

57
Q

What are the invagination’s called on the sarcolemma

A

T-tubules

58
Q

what is a sarcoplasm

A

A cytoplasm

59
Q

What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER. Many mitochondria

60
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of a skeletal muscle cell composed of

A

Composed of repeating units of overlapping myofilaments, actin and myosin

61
Q

What is the Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell. Region of a myofibril between two successive z lines. Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins

62
Q

Where do motoneurons trigger the contraction of skeletal muscle cell

A

At the neuromuscular junction

63
Q

What is another name for the neuromuscular junction

A

The motor and plate

64
Q

When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to the sarcolemma what happens

A

There is a release of calcium 2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium 2+ ions allow binding of acting and my Ocend to form cross bridges. Contraction occurs when filament slide past each other. ATP breaks the cross bridges equals relaxation

65
Q

What is ATP

A

The molecule of energy for cell. Made by the process of cellular respiration aerobic and anaerobic.

66
Q

What is the O2 source for aerobic respiration

A

Myoglobin

67
Q

What is the energy source for respiration

A

Glycogen

68
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Smaller cells, Uni nucleated. Branched connect At intercalcated Disks. Can contract without external stimulation

69
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic response

A

Fight or flight

70
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system’s parasympathetic response

A

Rest and digest

71
Q

What is the sa node

A

Pacemaker in heart

72
Q

Describe that myofilaments of smooth muscle

A

Cells ball up rather than shorten, less forceful of contraction. Involuntary respond to stretching affected by autonomic nervous system

73
Q

What is the effect of the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic response on smooth muscle

A

Decreases visceral smooth muscle contraction

74
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system’s parasympathetic response to smooth muscle

A

Increases visceral smooth muscle contraction

75
Q

What is hypercalcemic periodic paralysis

A

Equine genetic disorder. Autosomal dominant mutation affects sodium channels of muscle cells. Symptoms range from eyelid twitching abnormal when he muscle twitching weakness in limbs, paralysis. No cure

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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