Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

It covers and lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

It provides support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

It enables movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Controls work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye includes learning the names and locations of bones, muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is microanatomy?

A

The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the use of microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is unique about a unicellular organism?

A

It can feed itself, respire, grow and produce or find all of the biochemical substances that it needs without the assistance of other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells of similar type and function that are clustered into layers, sheets, or groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a general function of epithelial tissue

A

It is protective of underlying tissues and frequently acts as a filter of biochemical substances as well as being absorptive. It also secretes biochemical substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are glandular epithelia?

A

Epithelia that engage in the manufacturing and release of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are goblet cells found and what are they an example of

A

Glandular epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two ways glandular epithelial cells can occur

A

As individuals or as organized glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of some substances that are produced by glandular epithelia

A

Hormones, enzymes, milk, sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are excretions

A

Substances that ultimately leave the body ie. sweat, urine, feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are secretions

A

Substances that remain within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the six functions of epithelia

A 
Protects, covers, lines
Filters biochemical substances
Absorbs nutrients
Provides sensory input
Manufactures secretions
Manufactures excretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four general characteristics of epithelia

A
  1. epithelial cells are polar
  2. epithelial cells have lateral surfaces that are connected to neighboring cells by junctional complexes.
  3. all epithelial cells lack blood vessels or capillaries.
  4. most epithelial cells are innervated and provide valuable sensory input
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does polar mean

A

They have a sense of direction relative to surrounding structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an apical surface

A

The apical surface is the side of the cell that faces the lumen or body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a basal surface

A

This side of the cell that faces the underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does avascular mean

A

Lacking blood vessels or capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does innervated mean

A

Containing nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three major types of cellular junctions found between epithelial cells

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a tight junction

A

It is formed by the fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are tight junctions found

A

Tight junctions are found in tissues in which there can be no leaks.
for example: urinary bladder, digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a desmosome

A

A strong welded plaque or thickening which connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is plaque

A

A thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a hemidesmosome

A

Junctions that look like half of a desmosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are tonofilaments

A

Thin filaments that provide the structural support for certain membrane junctions. tonal filaments are especially important in tissue that needs to flex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are desmosomes commonly found

A

They are found most commonly in tissues that undergo repeated episodes of tension and stretching such as the skin, heart, uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are Connexons

A

Tubular channel proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a transmembrane protein

A

transmembrane proteins allows the exchange and passage of ions and nutrients such as nucleotides, sugars, amino acids from one cell to the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are gap junctions most commonly found

A

Gap junctions are most commonly found in intestinal epithelial cells, the heart, smooth muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of gap junctions and what are they commonly known for

A

The function of gap junctions is to quickly transport electrical signals from one cell to another. They’re commonly known for the contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a basement membrane

A

It is a non-living meshwork of fibers that cement the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the basement membrane protect the cell from

A

Being torn off by intraluminal pressures such as stretching or erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are oxygen and nutrient molecules supplied to the epithelial cells

A

They are supplied to epithelial cells by diffusing through the basement membrane from Capillaries in the underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the basement membrane act as

A

It acts as a partial barrier between epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are microvilli

A

Fingerlike protrusions of the luminal surface of some epithelial membranes that increase the cells exposed surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a brush border

A

The surface of a cell covered with microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When the surface area increases…

A

The absorptive ability increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What cells do microvilli usually occur on

A

Cells involved in absorption or secretion such as ones in the intestinal and urinary tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Keratin

A

A tough waterproof proteins that makes scales, claws, feathers, nails, hair, horns, huffs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the three characteristics that are used to classify epithelial tissue

A
  1. Number of layers of cells
  2. Shape of cells
  3. Presence of surface specializations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are simple epithelia

A

Single layer of epithelial cells that provides little protection to underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are stratified epithelia

A

Containing many layers of cells thicker, stronger and found in areas of the body that are subjected to mechanical and chemical stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is cuboidal epithelium

A

Epithelium composed of cube shaped cells having centrally located nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is columnar epithelium

A

Epithelium composed of tall, thin, epithelial cells having nuclei located at their basal end and are often ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are squamous epithelium

A

Epithelium composed of flat, hexagonal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is mesothelium

A

The epithelium that lines the pleural pericardial and peritoneal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What two cells make up the gut lining

A

Absorptive cell, goblet cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the function of a goblet cell

A

Manufacture and store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surfaces of the epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

Disease fighting molecules that help to protect animals from pathogens that have been inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is transitional epithelium

A

Epithelium that can expand and contract thus enabling it to hold a good deal of volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located

A

Portions of the urinary tract: urinary bladder, ureters, urethra and kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is a gland

A

A cell or a group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are secretions

A

Specialize protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic recticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus, discharged from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the six classifying characteristics of glands

A
  1. Presence or absence of ducts (endocrine or exocrine)
  2. Number of cells that compose them (unicellular and multicellular)
  3. Shape of the secreting ducts (simple or compound)
  4. Complexity of the glandular structure (tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar)
  5. Type of secretion produced (mucoid or serous)
  6. Manner in which the secretion is stored and discharged ( merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and who secretions are distributed throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are hormones

A

Regulatory chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Glands that possessed ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the function of the endocrine glands

A

Discharge secretions via their ducts directly into nearby areas where they may for example cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Unlike endocrine glands, exocrine glands…

A

Act locally and do not normally enter the circulation

66
Q

What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland

A

The ductless goblet gland

67
Q

What do goblet cells secrete

A

Mucin: thick, stringy mixture of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that when mixed with water becomes mucus

68
Q

What are the two distinct components of a multicellular exocrine gland

A

Secretory unit in which secretions are produced by secretory cells and a duct that carries the secretion to the deposition site

69
Q

What is a simple gland

A

An exocrine gland with unbranched ducts

70
Q

What is a compound gland

A

An exocrine gland with branched ducts

71
Q

What is a tubular Gland

A

Secretory unit of exocrine glands either containing or composed of tubules

72
Q

What is an alveolar gland

A

A gland where the secretory unit forms a rounded sack

73
Q

What are glands with secretary units that possess both tubular and alveolar qualities called

A

Tubuloacinar

74
Q

What are merocrine glands

A

Glands who’s secretions contain none of their own cells thus leaving the Glands cells intact.
example: saliva and sweat glands

75
Q

What is an apocrine gland

A

Gland who secretions contain some of it’s cellular material.

76
Q

What is a holocrine gland

A

A gland who’s granular secretions contain not only that secretory product but also the cells themselves

77
Q

What is serous secretions

A

Watery, contain a high concentration of enzymes

78
Q

What are mucous secretions

A

Thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins

79
Q

What are mixed endocrine glands

A

Glands that contain both mucous And serous components

80
Q

What is mesoderm

A

The middle layer of fetal body tissue

81
Q

What is adipose connective tissue

A

Vascular type of connective tissue who’s general functions are to protect, insulate and provide a major source of energy to the body

82
Q

What are extracellular fibers

A

The fibers of connective tissue located outside of the cells that perform a variety of functions depending on their degree of elasticity

83
Q

What is the extracellular matrix

A

The mixture of fiber and ground substance

84
Q

What are glycosaminoglycan’s

A

Unbranched chains of glycoproteins

85
Q

What are the three type of fibers connective tissue contains

A

Collagenous, recticular, Elastic

86
Q

What are collagenous fibers

A

Strong, thick strands composed of the structural protein collagen

87
Q

What are reticular fibers

A

Thin fibers composed of collagen

88
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of

A

The protein Elastin

89
Q

What is a fibroblast

A

Large, irregularly shaped cells that manufacture and secrete both fibers and ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix

90
Q

What fixed cell does cartilage contain

A

ChondroblSt

91
Q

What are reticular cells

A

Cells that are flat, star shaped with long, outreaching arms that touch other cells forming net like connections with the tissue they compose

92
Q

What are leukocytes

A

White blood cells that move into connective tissue in large numbers during times of infection

93
Q

What is diapedesis

A

The process by which white blood cells squeeze through walls of tiny blood vessels into the surrounding tissue

94
Q

What are mast cells

A

Oval cells that are easily identified by the large number of dark staining granules Stored in the cytoplasm

95
Q

What does histamine do

A

Histamine increases blood flow to the area by making capillaries leaky

96
Q

What does heparin do

A

Prevents blood from clotting and ensures the pathways for increased bloodflow remain open

97
Q

What are microphages

A

Masses irregularly shaped phagocytizing scavengers that may be either fixed or transient in connective tissue. They engulf microbes, dead cells and debris and subsequently digest them in the lysosomes

98
Q

What are the two subclasses of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

99
Q

What does loose connective tissue contain

A

Areolar, adipose and reticular tissue

100
Q

What does dense connective tissue contain

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic tissue

101
Q

What is Areolar connective tissue

A

Randomly placed fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance

102
Q

What is adipose tissue

A

Fat

103
Q

What are the two main types of adipose tissue

A

White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue

104
Q

Where is white adipose tissue found

A

Throughout the body in deep layers of skin

105
Q

Where is brown adipose tissue found

A

It is found in newborn animals and animals that hibernate during the winter

106
Q

What is reticular connective tissue composed of

A

Complex, three dimensional network of thin, reticular fibers

107
Q

What is the stroma

A

A network which constitutes the framework of several organs

108
Q

What is dense fibrous connective tissue characterized by

A

Densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers

109
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue composed of

A

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers. The fibers lie in the direction of the force that is exerted on them, thereby giving the overall tissue tremendous strength but only in one direction

110
Q

What is a Fascia

A

A structure that can withstand forces from more than one direction

111
Q

What is elastic connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue that is primarily composed of elastic fibers rather than collagen fibers

112
Q

Where are simple tubular glands found

A

Stomach, intestines

113
Q

Where are coiled tubular glands found

A

Sweat glands

114
Q

Where are branched tubular glands found

A

Stomach, mouth, tongue

115
Q

Where are simple aveolar glands found

A

Sebaceous glands

116
Q

Where are branched aveolar glands found

A

Sebaceous glands

117
Q

Where are compound tubular glands found

A

Bulbourethral glands, mammary glands, mucous glands

118
Q

Where are compound aveolar glands found

A

Mammary glands

119
Q

Where are compound tubuloalveolar glands found

A

Salivary gland, pancreas, respiratory passages

120
Q

What is cartilage

A

Tough, specialized connective tissue that is commonly known as gristle

121
Q

What is chondrocyte and where do they live

A

Cartilage cells, lives in hollowed out pockets in the matrix called lacunae

122
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Composed of closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone

123
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

Cartilage at the ends of long bones and joints and connection ribs to the sternum

124
Q

What is elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains more elastic fibers which form dense, branching bundles that appear black microscopically

125
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

Contains text bundles of collagen fibers like hyaline cartilage but has fewer chondrocytes and lacks a perichondrium

126
Q

What is bone

A

Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue

127
Q

What does a Haversian canal contain

A

Both a vascular and a nerve supply

128
Q

What do osteoblast do

A

Manufacture the fibers that are part of the matrix

129
Q

What is blood

A

Red fluid that passes through vessels and that carries nutrient molecules and gases throughout the body

130
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

131
Q

What are leukocytes

A

White blood cells

132
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

Platelets

133
Q

What are three examples of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, recticular

134
Q

What are three examples of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

135
Q

What are three examples of cartilage

A

Hyalin cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

136
Q

What are two examples of bones

A

Compact, cancellous

137
Q

What are the two broad categories of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

138
Q

What are serous membranes

A

Lined the walls and cover the organs that fill closed body cavities

139
Q

What is the portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall called

A

Parietal layer

140
Q

What is the portion of the membrane that covers the outer surface of organs called

A

Visceral layer

141
Q

What is a transudate

A

Thin fluid containing small amounts of protein or no protein that has been passed through membrane

142
Q

What is a hemothorax

A

When blood cells and fluid leak from ruptured capillaries into the pleural space

143
Q

What is a exudate

A

When cells, protein and other solid material mixed with serous fluid

144
Q

What is effusion

A

When an abnormally large amount of fluid enters the body cavity

145
Q

What is ascites

A

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity

146
Q

What is pleuritis

A

Inflammation of the Pleura

147
Q

What is pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardial tissue

148
Q

What is peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

149
Q

What are. Adhesions

A

Abnormal connections between Parietal and visceral layers

150
Q

What is a membrane

A

Epithelium plus connective tissues

151
Q

What does it mean if a tissue is regular

A

It means that it is parallel

152
Q

What do tendons do

A

Connect muscle to bones

153
Q

What do ligaments do

A

Connect bone to bone

154
Q

What do fascia do

A

Surrounds muscles

155
Q

What does reticular mean

A

A network

156
Q

What are two cell types in connective tissues

A

Fixed cells and wandering cells

157
Q

What do fixed cells do and given example of it

A

Fixed cells remain in connective tissue and an example is fibroblast

158
Q

What do osteoclasts do

A

Breaks down bone

159
Q

What are wandering cells and give an example

A

Leave connective tissue as needed and microphages

160
Q

What are the three components of connective tissue

A
  1. cells
  2. ground substance
  3. fibers
161
Q

What do endocrine glands to

A

Makes hormones

162
Q

What do exocrine glands do

A

Make other things

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions