Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards
0
Q
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
A
It covers and lines
1
Q
What are the four types of tissues?
A
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
2
Q
What is the function of connective tissue?
A
It provides support
3
Q
What is the function of muscle tissue?
A
It enables movement
4
Q
What is the function of nervous tissue?
A
Controls work
5
Q
What is gross anatomy?
A
The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye includes learning the names and locations of bones, muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves
6
Q
What is histology?
A
The study of tissues
7
Q
What is microanatomy?
A
The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the use of microscope
8
Q
What is unique about a unicellular organism?
A
It can feed itself, respire, grow and produce or find all of the biochemical substances that it needs without the assistance of other cells
9
Q
What are tissues?
A
Cells of similar type and function that are clustered into layers, sheets, or groups
10
Q
What is a general function of epithelial tissue
A
It is protective of underlying tissues and frequently acts as a filter of biochemical substances as well as being absorptive. It also secretes biochemical substances
11
Q
What are glandular epithelia?
A
Epithelia that engage in the manufacturing and release of substances
12
Q
Where are goblet cells found and what are they an example of
A
Glandular epithelial cells
13
Q
What are the two ways glandular epithelial cells can occur
A
As individuals or as organized glands
14
Q
Give an example of some substances that are produced by glandular epithelia
A
Hormones, enzymes, milk, sweat
15
Q
What are excretions
A
Substances that ultimately leave the body ie. sweat, urine, feces
16
Q
What are secretions
A
Substances that remain within the body
17
Q
What are the six functions of epithelia
A
Protects, covers, lines Filters biochemical substances Absorbs nutrients Provides sensory input Manufactures secretions Manufactures excretions
18
Q
What are the four general characteristics of epithelia
A
- epithelial cells are polar
- epithelial cells have lateral surfaces that are connected to neighboring cells by junctional complexes.
- all epithelial cells lack blood vessels or capillaries.
- most epithelial cells are innervated and provide valuable sensory input
19
Q
What does polar mean
A
They have a sense of direction relative to surrounding structures
20
Q
What is an apical surface
A
The apical surface is the side of the cell that faces the lumen or body cavity
21
Q
What is a basal surface
A
This side of the cell that faces the underlying connective tissue
22
Q
What does avascular mean
A
Lacking blood vessels or capillaries
23
Q
What does innervated mean
A
Containing nerves
24
What are the three major types of cellular junctions found between epithelial cells
Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
25
What is a tight junction
It is formed by the fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells
26
Where are tight junctions found
Tight junctions are found in tissues in which there can be no leaks.
for example: urinary bladder, digestive tract
27
What is a desmosome
A strong welded plaque or thickening which connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells
28
What is plaque
A thickening
29
What is a hemidesmosome
Junctions that look like half of a desmosome
30
What are tonofilaments
Thin filaments that provide the structural support for certain membrane junctions. tonal filaments are especially important in tissue that needs to flex
31
Where are desmosomes commonly found
They are found most commonly in tissues that undergo repeated episodes of tension and stretching such as the skin, heart, uterus.
32
What are Connexons
Tubular channel proteins
33
What is a transmembrane protein
transmembrane proteins allows the exchange and passage of ions and nutrients such as nucleotides, sugars, amino acids from one cell to the other.
34
Where are gap junctions most commonly found
Gap junctions are most commonly found in intestinal epithelial cells, the heart, smooth muscle tissue
35
What is the function of gap junctions and what are they commonly known for
The function of gap junctions is to quickly transport electrical signals from one cell to another. They're commonly known for the contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
36
What is a basement membrane
It is a non-living meshwork of fibers that cement the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
37
What does the basement membrane protect the cell from
Being torn off by intraluminal pressures such as stretching or erosion
38
How are oxygen and nutrient molecules supplied to the epithelial cells
They are supplied to epithelial cells by diffusing through the basement membrane from Capillaries in the underlying connective tissue
39
What does the basement membrane act as
It acts as a partial barrier between epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue
40
What are microvilli
Fingerlike protrusions of the luminal surface of some epithelial membranes that increase the cells exposed surface area
41
What is a brush border
The surface of a cell covered with microvilli
42
When the surface area increases...
The absorptive ability increases
43
What cells do microvilli usually occur on
Cells involved in absorption or secretion such as ones in the intestinal and urinary tracts
44
What is Keratin
A tough waterproof proteins that makes scales, claws, feathers, nails, hair, horns, huffs
45
What are the three characteristics that are used to classify epithelial tissue
1. Number of layers of cells
2. Shape of cells
3. Presence of surface specializations
46
What are simple epithelia
Single layer of epithelial cells that provides little protection to underlying connective tissue
47
What are stratified epithelia
Containing many layers of cells thicker, stronger and found in areas of the body that are subjected to mechanical and chemical stress
48
What is cuboidal epithelium
Epithelium composed of cube shaped cells having centrally located nuclei
49
What is columnar epithelium
Epithelium composed of tall, thin, epithelial cells having nuclei located at their basal end and are often ciliated
50
What are squamous epithelium
Epithelium composed of flat, hexagonal cells
51
What is mesothelium
The epithelium that lines the pleural pericardial and peritoneal cavities
52
What two cells make up the gut lining
Absorptive cell, goblet cell
53
What is the function of a goblet cell
Manufacture and store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surfaces of the epithelia
54
What are immunoglobulins
Disease fighting molecules that help to protect animals from pathogens that have been inhaled
55
What is a pathogen
Bacteria and viruses
56
What is transitional epithelium
Epithelium that can expand and contract thus enabling it to hold a good deal of volume
57
Where is transitional epithelium located
Portions of the urinary tract: urinary bladder, ureters, urethra and kidney
58
What is a gland
A cell or a group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge secretion
59
What are secretions
Specialize protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic recticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus, discharged from the cell
60
What are the six classifying characteristics of glands
1. Presence or absence of ducts (endocrine or exocrine)
2. Number of cells that compose them (unicellular and multicellular)
3. Shape of the secreting ducts (simple or compound)
4. Complexity of the glandular structure (tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar)
5. Type of secretion produced (mucoid or serous)
6. Manner in which the secretion is stored and discharged ( merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)
61
What are endocrine glands
Glands that do not have ducts or tubules and who secretions are distributed throughout the body
62
What are hormones
Regulatory chemicals
63
What are exocrine glands
Glands that possessed ducts
64
What is the function of the endocrine glands
Discharge secretions via their ducts directly into nearby areas where they may for example cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities
65
Unlike endocrine glands, exocrine glands...
Act locally and do not normally enter the circulation
66
What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland
The ductless goblet gland
67
What do goblet cells secrete
Mucin: thick, stringy mixture of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that when mixed with water becomes mucus
68
What are the two distinct components of a multicellular exocrine gland
Secretory unit in which secretions are produced by secretory cells and a duct that carries the secretion to the deposition site
69
What is a simple gland
An exocrine gland with unbranched ducts
70
What is a compound gland
An exocrine gland with branched ducts
71
What is a tubular Gland
Secretory unit of exocrine glands either containing or composed of tubules
72
What is an alveolar gland
A gland where the secretory unit forms a rounded sack
73
What are glands with secretary units that possess both tubular and alveolar qualities called
Tubuloacinar
74
What are merocrine glands
Glands who's secretions contain none of their own cells thus leaving the Glands cells intact.
example: saliva and sweat glands
75
What is an apocrine gland
Gland who secretions contain some of it's cellular material.
76
What is a holocrine gland
A gland who's granular secretions contain not only that secretory product but also the cells themselves
77
What is serous secretions
Watery, contain a high concentration of enzymes
78
What are mucous secretions
Thick, viscous, composed of glycoproteins
79
What are mixed endocrine glands
Glands that contain both mucous And serous components
80
What is mesoderm
The middle layer of fetal body tissue
81
What is adipose connective tissue
Vascular type of connective tissue who's general functions are to protect, insulate and provide a major source of energy to the body
82
What are extracellular fibers
The fibers of connective tissue located outside of the cells that perform a variety of functions depending on their degree of elasticity
83
What is the extracellular matrix
The mixture of fiber and ground substance
84
What are glycosaminoglycan's
Unbranched chains of glycoproteins
85
What are the three type of fibers connective tissue contains
Collagenous, recticular, Elastic
86
What are collagenous fibers
Strong, thick strands composed of the structural protein collagen
87
What are reticular fibers
Thin fibers composed of collagen
88
What are elastic fibers composed of
The protein Elastin
89
What is a fibroblast
Large, irregularly shaped cells that manufacture and secrete both fibers and ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix
90
What fixed cell does cartilage contain
ChondroblSt
91
What are reticular cells
Cells that are flat, star shaped with long, outreaching arms that touch other cells forming net like connections with the tissue they compose
92
What are leukocytes
White blood cells that move into connective tissue in large numbers during times of infection
93
What is diapedesis
The process by which white blood cells squeeze through walls of tiny blood vessels into the surrounding tissue
94
What are mast cells
Oval cells that are easily identified by the large number of dark staining granules Stored in the cytoplasm
95
What does histamine do
Histamine increases blood flow to the area by making capillaries leaky
96
What does heparin do
Prevents blood from clotting and ensures the pathways for increased bloodflow remain open
97
What are microphages
Masses irregularly shaped phagocytizing scavengers that may be either fixed or transient in connective tissue. They engulf microbes, dead cells and debris and subsequently digest them in the lysosomes
98
What are the two subclasses of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
99
What does loose connective tissue contain
Areolar, adipose and reticular tissue
100
What does dense connective tissue contain
Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic tissue
101
What is Areolar connective tissue
Randomly placed fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance
102
What is adipose tissue
Fat
103
What are the two main types of adipose tissue
White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue
104
Where is white adipose tissue found
Throughout the body in deep layers of skin
105
Where is brown adipose tissue found
It is found in newborn animals and animals that hibernate during the winter
106
What is reticular connective tissue composed of
Complex, three dimensional network of thin, reticular fibers
107
What is the stroma
A network which constitutes the framework of several organs
108
What is dense fibrous connective tissue characterized by
Densely packed arrangement of collagen fibers
109
What is dense regular connective tissue composed of
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers. The fibers lie in the direction of the force that is exerted on them, thereby giving the overall tissue tremendous strength but only in one direction
110
What is a Fascia
A structure that can withstand forces from more than one direction
111
What is elastic connective tissue
Dense connective tissue that is primarily composed of elastic fibers rather than collagen fibers
112
Where are simple tubular glands found
Stomach, intestines
113
Where are coiled tubular glands found
Sweat glands
114
Where are branched tubular glands found
Stomach, mouth, tongue
115
Where are simple aveolar glands found
Sebaceous glands
116
Where are branched aveolar glands found
Sebaceous glands
117
Where are compound tubular glands found
Bulbourethral glands, mammary glands, mucous glands
118
Where are compound aveolar glands found
Mammary glands
119
Where are compound tubuloalveolar glands found
Salivary gland, pancreas, respiratory passages
120
What is cartilage
Tough, specialized connective tissue that is commonly known as gristle
121
What is chondrocyte and where do they live
Cartilage cells, lives in hollowed out pockets in the matrix called lacunae
122
What is hyaline cartilage
Composed of closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone
123
What is articular cartilage
Cartilage at the ends of long bones and joints and connection ribs to the sternum
124
What is elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains more elastic fibers which form dense, branching bundles that appear black microscopically
125
What is fibrocartilage
Contains text bundles of collagen fibers like hyaline cartilage but has fewer chondrocytes and lacks a perichondrium
126
What is bone
Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue
127
What does a Haversian canal contain
Both a vascular and a nerve supply
128
What do osteoblast do
Manufacture the fibers that are part of the matrix
129
What is blood
Red fluid that passes through vessels and that carries nutrient molecules and gases throughout the body
130
What are Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
131
What are leukocytes
White blood cells
132
What are thrombocytes
Platelets
133
What are three examples of loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, recticular
134
What are three examples of dense connective tissue
Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
135
What are three examples of cartilage
Hyalin cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
136
What are two examples of bones
Compact, cancellous
137
What are the two broad categories of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue
138
What are serous membranes
Lined the walls and cover the organs that fill closed body cavities
139
What is the portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall called
Parietal layer
140
What is the portion of the membrane that covers the outer surface of organs called
Visceral layer
141
What is a transudate
Thin fluid containing small amounts of protein or no protein that has been passed through membrane
142
What is a hemothorax
When blood cells and fluid leak from ruptured capillaries into the pleural space
143
What is a exudate
When cells, protein and other solid material mixed with serous fluid
144
What is effusion
When an abnormally large amount of fluid enters the body cavity
145
What is ascites
Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity
146
What is pleuritis
Inflammation of the Pleura
147
What is pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardial tissue
148
What is peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
149
What are. Adhesions
Abnormal connections between Parietal and visceral layers
150
What is a membrane
Epithelium plus connective tissues
151
What does it mean if a tissue is regular
It means that it is parallel
152
What do tendons do
Connect muscle to bones
153
What do ligaments do
Connect bone to bone
154
What do fascia do
Surrounds muscles
155
What does reticular mean
A network
156
What are two cell types in connective tissues
Fixed cells and wandering cells
157
What do fixed cells do and given example of it
Fixed cells remain in connective tissue and an example is fibroblast
158
What do osteoclasts do
Breaks down bone
159
What are wandering cells and give an example
Leave connective tissue as needed and microphages
160
What are the three components of connective tissue
1. cells
2. ground substance
3. fibers
161
What do endocrine glands to
Makes hormones
162
What do exocrine glands do
Make other things
