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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 14 - Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Senses Flashcards

0
Q

Why is capsaicin illegal in equestrian sports

A

It can cause hypersensitivity and have an analgesic effect. It is a banned substance in competition

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1
Q

What is Capsaicin

A

It is the chemical in peppers that makes them hot. Irritant to mammals causing a burning sensation.

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2
Q

What is hypo-sensitivity

A

Sensitivity below normal limits usually due to a neurectomy or nerve block

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3
Q

What is hypersensitivity

A

Sensitivity above normal limits. Due to irritants put on skin

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4
Q

How does capsaicin cause a burning sensation

A

Capsaicin binds calcium channels on pain and heat sensing neurons causing premature depolarization. Does not actually cause tissue damage just perceived pain however it can trigger an inflammatory response which can cause tissue damage

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5
Q

What will prolonged exposure to capsaicin cause

A

Desensitization. Neurotransmitters become depleted and neuron’s retreat back into dermis

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6
Q

What is a stimuli

A

Sensory receptors respond to environmental changes internally and externally

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7
Q

Identify what are the four types of stimuli and give an example for each

A
  1. mechanical ex: touch hearing balance.
  2. thermal ex: hot and cold.
  3. electromagnetic ex: vision.
  4. chemical ex:taste and smell.
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8
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

Modified afferent neuron endings a.k.a. dendrites

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9
Q

How are senses interpreted

A

Sensory receptors are depolarized by the stimuli and then sensory information is sent to specific region of the brain for interpretation

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10
Q

How are receptors classified by

A

Which stimulus is received, location(ex: proprioceptors), structure (encapsulated or nonencapsulated)

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11
Q

If there is a mechanical stimulus what receptor type will receive that information

A

Mechanoreceptors

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12
Q

If there is a thermal stimuli what receptor type will receive that information

A

Thermoreceptor

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13
Q

If there is an electromagnetic stimulation what receptor type will get that information

A

Photoreceptor

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14
Q

If there is a chemical stimulation what type of receptor will receive that information

A

Chemoreceptor

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15
Q

What stimulus type is associated with the following examples touch pressure vibration stretch

A

Mechanical stimulation

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16
Q

What stimulation type is associated with the following examples hot, cold, temperature changes

A

Thermal stimuli

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17
Q

What stimuli is associated with the following example light

A

Electromagnetic stimuli

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18
Q

Which stimuli is associated with the following example blood chemistry intestinal fluids and molecules smelled or tasted

A

Chemical stimuli

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19
Q

Which types of stimuli are associated with extreme stimulation

A

Mechanical, thermal, chemical

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20
Q

What receptor type is associated with extreme stimuli

A

Nociceptor

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21
Q

What are some examples of non-encapsulated sensory receptors

A

Hair follicle receptors, Merkel disks, free nerve endings of sensory neurons

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22
Q

What is itchiness and what is it caused by

A

Pruritis and it is a sensation mediated by free nerve endings and dermis. Chemoreceptors find histamines released during inflammatory response impulses from the sensory receptors are perceived by the brain as itchiness

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23
Q

What is pain

A

Heat or cold outside the range of thermoreceptor’s activate nociceptors and bring perceive signals from these receptors as pain. Extreme pressure and chemicals released from damage tissues stimulate the nociceptors

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24
Q

What are endorphins

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters released by the central nervous system that block neurotransmitters released by nociceptors. Pain blocker. a natural opiate

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25
Q

What are opiates

A

Using pain management as analgesics. Mimic endorphins and block nociceptors. Can be used as sedative or general anesthetic. Opiate antagonist can we give into reverse action of opiates

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26
Q

What is anesthesia

A

Feet loss of sensation used to complete procedures that would be otherwise uncomfortable to the patient

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27
Q

What is general anesthesia

A

Complete loss of sensory perception consciousness. Patient is immobile in a controlled sleep does not feel pain inducer injection or inhalation

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28
Q

What is local anesthesia

A

Awesome sensation from a particular area. Sensory nerve fibers are blocked from depolarization and patient is conscious. Example lidocaine and Novacaine

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29
Q

What is analgesia

A

Perception of pain is lessened but not completely gone often used to reduce severe pain during traumatic injury and surgery

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30
Q

What are three examples of encapsulated sensory receptors

A

Meissners corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, bulbous corpuscles

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31
Q

What are five special senses

A

Taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, vision

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32
Q

What are five general senses

A

Visceral sensations, touch, temperature, pain (nociception), proprioception

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33
Q

What are three sensory neurons associated with touch and pressure

A

Messingers corpuscles, hair follicle receptors, Pacinian corpuscles

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34
Q

Where are Messner’s corpuscles found

A

In papillary layer of dermis. Numerous in hairless sensitive regions

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35
Q

Where are hair follicle receptors found

A

Free nerve endings wrap around the base of hair follicle and it’s found and hairy skin

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36
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found

A

Located deep in dermis, perceived deep pressure

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37
Q

What are visceral sensations and give examples also what gland is responsible for its interpretation

A

Food and water deficiencies are detected by chemoreceptors and hypothalamus and interpreted as sensations of hunger and thirst

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38
Q

What detects changes in skin temperature.

A

Superficial thermal receptors detect changes in skin temperature.

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39
Q

Where are the free nerve endings for cold and heat located

A

Free nerve endings associated with cold I’m superficial dermis the papillary layer and those that are associated with heat and the deeper dermis the reticular layer

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40
Q

How is internal temperature monitored and regulated

A

Thermal receptors in hypothalamus monitor internal body temperature central nervous system sends motor responses for thermoregulation example shivering sweating panting to correct conditions of hypothermia or hyperthermia

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41
Q

Why is it important to keep an animal warm during anesthesia and recovery

A

General anesthetics block thermal receptors in hypothalamus patient unable to detect falling body temperature and thermoregulate. metabolism occurs much slower at lower temperatures

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42
Q

What is proprioception

A

Sense of body position and movement on a subconscious level

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43
Q

Where are proprioreceptors located and what are they

A

Proprioceptor’s are stretch Mechanoreceptors located in synovial joint capsules tendons ligaments and muscles

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44
Q

Describe acute pain

A

Sharp, intense, short-term

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45
Q

Described chronic pain

A

Dull, aching, long term

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46
Q

Describes superficial pain

A

Skin, subcutaneous area

47
Q

Describe deep pain

A

Muscles, joints, bones

48
Q

Describe visceral pain

A

Internal organs

49
Q

What is a pain threshold

A

Amount of stimuli that will trigger an action potential. All or none principal

50
Q

What is pain tolerance

A

Function of the cerebral cortex is perception of pain some genetic component

51
Q

What is referred pain

A

Visceral and superficial nociceptors sometimes travel along same sensory nerves sometimes pain from one area is perceived to be coming from another

52
Q

Where are all sense organs located

A

In the head. Sense organs are extension of the central nervous system

53
Q

What is taste called. Where are chemoreceptors located. Where are taste buds located.

A

Taste is called gustatory sense. Chemoreceptors are located in tastebuds of tongue, some in mucous membrane of mouth, pharynx epiglottis. Taste buds are found in the papillae the mounds of tissue on the tongue

54
Q

How is taste interpreted

A

Chemicals dissolved in saliva bind to the microvilli of gustatory cells which are wrapped by a dendrite of the sensory neuron

55
Q

What are the five different tastes human can perceive

A

Sweet-organic molecules , sour-acids, salty-metal ions, bitter-alkaloids, umami-amino acids

56
Q

Describe the gustatory pathway

A

Nerves bring the sensation from taste buds to the medulla oblongata up into the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex

57
Q

What Are the autonomic reflexes in the medulla oblongata

A

Salivation, release of gastric acids and enzymes, gag reflex or vomit reflex

58
Q

Why are cats tongues so rough

A

Due to papillae composed of keratin forming backwards facing barbs. Using grooming room cleaning of operative cooling and cleaning up after kill

59
Q

What is smell? where are chemoreceptors located and how does how do smells get interpreted by the body

A

Smell is olfactory sense. Chemoreceptors are located in mucous membrane of nasal cavity use chemicals dissolve in mucous and bind to cilia. the neurons synapse with other sensory neurons in the olfactory bulb the form of factory nerves

60
Q

What are pheromones

A

Species specific chemicals released to trigger a social response example aggression alarm trails territory sexual. There are chemoreceptors for various pheromones

61
Q

What is lordosis behavior

A

When animals sticks it’s butt up in the air and moves it’s tail out-of-the-way. Sexually receptive behavior

62
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ used for

A

It is an olfactory organ used mainly to detect pheromones. Involved in flehmen response of some animals

63
Q

What is hearing. How do the stimuli of soundwaves get interpreted as noise

A

Hearing is the auditory sense. Mechanical stimuli of soundwaves vibrate air and molecules and auditory organs trigger impulses

64
Q

What is the external ear and what is it do

A

The external air collects and funnels waves to the ear drum

65
Q

What does the middle ear do

A

Amplifies and transmits vibrations to inner ear

66
Q

What does the inner ear do

A

Sensory receptors convert vibrations into nerve impulses also has receptors for equilibrium

67
Q

What is the pinnA

A

Composed of elastic cartilage and skin collects soundwaves and funnels them into the external auditory canal

68
Q

What is the external auditory canal

A

L-shaped tube carrying soundwaves from pinna to tympanic membrane

69
Q

What is the tympanic membrane

A

Connective tissue membrane separating external and middle ear vibrates at the same frequency as waves that strike it

70
Q

What are ear hematomas and what are they caused by

A

Cannot are highly vascularized hematoma is caused by a rupture of blood vessels causing blood to accumulate between cartilage and skin. Generally caused by animal vigorously shaking head. Cauliflower ear

71
Q

What is otitis externa

A

Inflammation of external auditory canal typically due to mites, bacterial or yeast infection causes redness pain and itching more common in floppy eared dogs due to reduced air circulation. Treatment ear cleaning and pathogen specific medication

72
Q

What is the middle ear cavity

A

Mucous membrane line cavity within the Temporel bone filled with air and contains ossicles

73
Q

What are ossicles

A

Three small bones that link the tympanic membrane to the cochlea of an ear amplify and transfer vibrations

74
Q

What is the order that the ossicles go in

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

75
Q

What is the Eustachian tube

A

Winning begins in middle ear leads to pharynx helps equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

76
Q

What is a cochlea and describe the pathway the vibrations take

A

Snail shaped organ containing three fluid filled canals within middle ear canal is organ of corti which contains Mechanoreceptors. vibrations of ossicles are transmitted to oval window which pass through fluid filled canals. canal membranes vibrate hair cells who’s bending triggers an impulse to be sent down to the vestibulocochlear nerve

77
Q

What is equilibrium

A

Mechanical sense that helps an animal maintain balance by keeping track of position of head. Maintaining balance is also assisted by visual and proprioceptive information

78
Q

Where are the equilibrium Mechanoreceptors located

A

Vestibule and semicircular canals which are in the inner ear

79
Q

What is the vestibule

A

Chamber located between between cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear. Composed of two spaces utricle and saccule continuous with the cochlear duct also filled with endolymph contains patches of sensory epithelial cells called macula covered by a gelatinous layer containing otoliths. When head moves, gelatinous layer + otoliths bend microvilli

80
Q

What are the semicircular canals

A

Three fluid filled tubes position at right angles to each other. Sensory hair cells located in: ampulla at base of each semicircular Canal: cristae. gelatinous cup sits on top of the crista which is called: cupula

81
Q

What is motion sickness

A

Disagreement between visually perceived motion and motion detected by vestibule. Motion is seen but not felt, motion is felt but non-seen. motion is felt and seen but disagrees

82
Q

What is the main organ associated with vision. What are the accessory structures for the eyeball

A

The main organ for vision is the eyeball plus the optic nerve number two. The accessory structures for the eyeball are eyelids, nictitating membrane, eyelashes, Lacrimal apparatus and ocular muscles

83
Q

What are the three layers that the eyes composed of and what makes up each layer

A

Fibrous: composed of sclera and cornea. Vascular: composed of choroid coat. Nervous: composed of retina

84
Q

What two fluid filled regions does the lens separate the eye into

A

Aqueous compartment composed of aqueous humor. Vitreous compartment composed of the vitreous humor

85
Q

Describe the Scalera and what is it composed of

A

The Scalera is a tough white layer composed of dense connective tissue and superficial blood vessels.

86
Q

Describe the cornea and what is it composed of

A

Transparent window into eye. covers pupil and Iris composed of collagen and water

87
Q

What is the ulcerative keratosis

A

Corneal ulcers. Damage to upper layers of cornea commonly due to trauma foreign bodies herpesvirus and chemicals. symptoms painful tearing squinting and rubbing eye. Diagnosed using fluorescent dye. Topical ointment is typical

88
Q

What is the choroid layer of the eye

A

Is the vascular middle layer that is pigmented between Scalera and retina. supplies nutrients to retina above it and dark pigment absorbs excessive light rays

89
Q

What is that tapetum lucidum

A

Reflective layer in cats that improves night vision

90
Q

What is the iris

A

Vascular middle layer, colored part of eye. Composed of radial and circular muscles to alter size of pupil which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

91
Q

What is pupil

A

Hole in center of Iris

92
Q

What is that Corpora nigra

A

Brown mass in horses and ruminants

93
Q

What is the ciliary body

A

Extension of choroid layer produces aqueous humor. Ciliary muscles are connected to lens via suspensatory ligaments

94
Q

What is accommodation

A

Where the shape of the lens changes to allow for near and far vision. If you’re looking at a FarPoint your ciliary muscles are relaxed. If you’re looking at a Nearpoint your ciliary muscles are contracted

95
Q

What is the retina

A

Nervous layer of iron. Thin, delicate membrane lining the back of the eye. composed of several layers of cells. Light passes through many layers to stimulate photoreceptors

96
Q

What layers are the retina composed of

A

Pigmented cells, photoreceptors a.k.a. rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, nerve fibers

97
Q

Where is the blind spot. And what is it mean

A

Blind spot is located right at the connection of the back of the Eye to the optic nerve. There are no photoreceptors there

98
Q

What do rods do

A

Allow you to See light

99
Q

What do cones do

A

Allow you to see color

100
Q

What is the fovea centralis

A

Area of Hyclone density that allows for very sharp focus. Activated by squinting to have light focus on this region

101
Q

Where is the aqueous compartment

A

anterior chamber, posterior chamber. Separated by lens

102
Q

Where is the vitreous compartment located

A

After the lens and the part of the eye that touches the optic nerve

103
Q

Where is aqueous humor made. How is it removed

A

It is made by ciliary body. It is removed by Canal of Schlemm

104
Q

What is a glaucoma

A

Production of aqueous humor exceeds removal. Usually due to reduced drainage. Causes increased intraocular pressure. Which is measured by a tonal meter. Treatment surgery to unblock canal or partially destroy ciliary body

105
Q

What is a cataract

A

Lens becomes cloudy causes reduction in vision. Can be a result of aging inherited diabetes, hypocalcemia etc

106
Q

What are the eyelids

A

Palpebra. Superior and inferior folds of skin plus eyelashes lined by conjunctiva

107
Q

What is the nictitating membrane

A

Third eyelid passive in domestic animals contains tear producing gland

108
Q

What is a conjunctiva

A

Thin, transparent membrane lining eyelids and covering anterior of eyeball highly vascularized

109
Q

What is conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of conjunctiva can because by bacterial, viral infections, allergies, irritation due to dry eyes

110
Q

How do they test for dry eyes

A

Schirmer test

111
Q

What is that lacrimal apparatus

A

Tear producing and draining structures

112
Q

What do the lacrimal glands do

A

Produce tears. Keeps conjunctiva moist, it reduces irritation and infection. Tears contain antimicrobial proteins

113
Q

What is the lacrimal puncta

A

Drains tears into the nasolacrimal duct and into nasal cavity

114
Q

What is epiphora

A

Overflow of tears due to overproduction or faulty drainage

115
Q

What are the extraocular eye muscles

A

6-7 skeletal muscles attached to Scalera and back of orbit of the Eye. Hold Eye in-place and allow movement

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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