Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13- Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three main functional categories of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory
  2. integration
  3. motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system

A

Along with the endocrine system helps the body maintain homeostasis. Transmits electrochemical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the sensory category of the nervous system do

A

Receives information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the integration category of the nervous system do

A

Sensory information processed to produce a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the motor category of the nervous system do

A

Sends response instructions to an effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an effector organ

A

A muscle or gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a sensory neuron called

A

Afferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the integration neuron called

A

Interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the motor neuron called

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of a neuron

A

Receive and transmit information via electrochemical impulses. High metabolic demands needs constant supply of oxygen and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are neurotransmitters located

A

At the end of a neuron. Transmission of impulse is chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are neuron processes

A

Dendrites and axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does synapse mean

A

Connect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a ganglia

A

Cluster of cell body in peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a nuclei

A

Cluster of cell bodies in central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are nerves

A

Bundles of neuron processes in preferal nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are tracts

A

Bundles of neuron processes in central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a fiber

A

Long axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of neuroglia cells

A

Phagocytize pathogens and debris. link neurons to capillaries, help recycle neurotransmitters and ions, help circulate cerebral spinal fluid through CMS, speed up impulse transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the blood brain barrier. What are its pros and cons

A

The blood brain barrier is a highly selective barrier between the cardiovascular system and brain. Lipid soluble substances pass easily. Formed by tight junctions of endothelial cells in the brain. Pros prevents passage of pathogens and toxins. Cons proteins white blood cells and antibiotics cannot pass through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a myelin sheath and what does it surround. What is it made up of. What’s its function

A

Mylan sheath is a segmented fatty layer formed by Schwan cells in the peripheral nervous system and Oligodendrites in the central nervous system. Function to protect and electrically insulate the axon, increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons which are visible as distinct regions, white and gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is degenerative myelopathy

A

Progressive destruction of myelinated nerves of spinal cord. Progressive hindlimb ataxia leading to paralysis. Possibly autoimmune no cure not painful. euthanasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system. And what are they composed of

A

Central nervous system which is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system which is composed of cranial (12 pair) spinal nerves(31+ pairs) Sensory(afferent) motor(efferent) or mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What does the peripheral nervous system control
Sensory neurons and motor neurons
25
What are the two branches of motor neurons
Somatic nervous system(voluntary) and autonomic nervous system(involuntary)
26
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) or parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)
27
What are five major nerves of the peripheral nervous system and indicate their location
Cranial nerves located on face. Vagus nerve located cranial to shoulder blade. brachial plexus located on shoulder blade. spinal nerves located in spinal cord. sciatic nerve located on medial portion of hindlimb
28
What is the function of an afferent neuron
It is a sensory neuron
29
What. Do axons synapse with
Other axons
30
Which neuron would conduct an impulse faster myelinated or unmyelinated
Myelinated
31
Which division of the nervous system would regulate blood pressure
Autonomic nervous system, involuntary
32
In a vertebrae where is the sensory portion of the spinal nerve located. Where is the motor portion of the spinal nerve located
Sensory is located on the dorsal root of spinal nerves. Motor is located on the ventral route of spinal nerves
33
What are reflexes
Rapid involuntary predictable motor responses to stimuli. Helped to protect body and maintain homeostasis.
34
What is a pathway of neurons called
Reflex arc
35
Describe somatic reflexes and list all examples
Activate skeletal muscle. Used to assess spinal cord or peripheral nerve damage. Stretch reflex withdrawal reflex extensor reflex
36
Describe autonomic (visceral )reflexes. And list all examples
Activate visceral effectors (smoothed or cardiac muscle or glands.) Baroreflex, papillary reflex, palpebral reflex
37
What is a patellar reflex and what is it an example of
Knee-jerk reflex which is an example of the stretch reflex
38
What is a crossed extensor reflex considered
Contra lateral
39
What is a withdrawal reflex and patellar reflex considered
Ipsilateral
40
What are the four regions that the brain can be divided into
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem
41
What is the cerebrum
Largest region of the brain. Higher-level functions learning intelligence communication receiving and interpreting sensory information and forming voluntary motor responses
42
What is the cerebral cortex
Outer layer of gray matter
43
What is it gyri (in cerebral cortex)
Ridges
44
What are sulci (in cerebral cortex)
Shallow grove
45
What are fissures (in cerebral cortex)
Deep grooves
46
What is the largest tract of white fibers in the cerebrum called
Corpus callosum. Contralateral control right hemisphere controls left side of Body
47
What is a cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary motor movements initiated in cerebral cortex. Helps maintain posture and balance
48
What can damage to the cerebellum cause
Cerebellar ataxia (uncoordinated movements)
49
What is Cerebellar hypoplasia
Kittens infected in utero with panleukopenia virus
50
What are the three main structures of the diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
51
What is a thalamus
Relay station for sensory information
52
What is a hypothalamus
Endocrine and nervous system functions produces hormones and regulation of body temperature, thirst and hunger
53
What is a pituitary gland
The master gland releases own hormones and controls other glands such as the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
54
What does the brainstem control. And what are the three main structures
The brainstem controls many vital autonomic functions such as breathing heart rate coughing swallowing vomiting vasodilation and construction. The three structures are midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
55
What is the spinal cord
Caudal continuation of brainstem. Composed of central canal white and gray matter. Tracks carry impulses to and from the brain
56
What are the brain and spinal cord protected by
Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the blood brain barrier. and the cerebral spinal fluid from the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
57
What are the three layers of the meninges
Dura matter, arachnoid matter, and Pia matter
58
Describe Dura matter
Thick and fibrous
59
Describe arachnoid matter. What is a sub arachnoid space
Arachnoid matter is delicate and web like. Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid blood vessels
60
Describe pia matter
Very thin.
61
Describe the function of the meninges
Protected the CNS.
62
What is inflammation of the meninges called and what is it caused by
Meningitis and it's caused by viral, bacterial, fungal infections
63
Describe cerebrospinal fluid. What is it made by
Fluid inside ventricles(brain), central cavity (spinal cord), subarachnoid space of meninges. Made by the choroid plexus similar in composition to blood plasma. Liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to CNS and protects CNS from blows and other trauma
64
What is the choroid plexus composed of
Glial cells + capillaries
65
What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid taps
To provide information regarding infections, cancers and nervous disorders
66
What is encephalitis
Inflammation of brain
67
What is myelitis
Inflammation of spinal cord
68
How is cerebrospinal fluid collected
Collected with this final syringe with a stylet. General anesthesia is used
69
What is a cisternal tap. Where is it done
Cerebellomedullary cistern. Done at atlanto-occipital joint.
70
What is a lumbar tap. Where is it done
Ventral subarachnoid space between l5-6
71
What is hydrocephalis
Too much cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral ventricles. Due to blockage or overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid. Common in brachiocephalic dogs and simese cats
72
What is an epidural
Epidural anesthesia isn't is a technique to administer substances into the epidural space outside of the Dura matter between L7 and S1. Use for orthopedic hindlimb surgeries, C-sections, anti-inflammatory injections of cortisone. Advantages local block or analgesia on spinal nerves does not affect brain
73
How does the spinal cord end
Spinal cord ends just cranial lead to sacrum then branches into cauda equina
74
What is cauda equina syndrome
Due to compression of vertebral space on nerves. Due to intravertebral disc herniation, osteophytes, injury, tumor. Pain, weakness in hind end, and incontinence. Common in large dogs. Diagnosis MRI to confirm. Treatment anti-inflammatories and surgery
75
What is a neural tube
Formed by rolling of outer tissue layer of the central nervous system
76
What is a cranial Bulge
The brain
77
What is spina bifida
Vertebral arches not completely formed. Spinal cord not enclosed by vertebrae. Mild (asymptomatic) to severe, incontinence hind end weakness and paralysis
78
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system
Bring sensory information to the central nervous system. Brings motor information from central nervous system to the effector organs
79
What are spinal nerves considered
Mixed nerves
80
What is the autonomic nervous system composed of
Consists of involuntary motor neurons supplying smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
81
What are the antagonistic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
82
What are most organs innervated by, the sympathetic nervous system the parasympathetic?
Most organs are innervated by both to enable homeostatic balance
83
Where do the sympathetic neurons exit the central nervous system
At the thoracolumbar region
84
Where do the parasympathetic neurons exit the central nervous system
At the brainstem and sacral region
85
The autonomic nervous system consists of which two neurons synapsing in a ganglion
Preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons
86
What are preganglionic neurons
Neurons that originate in the central nervous system then synapse in autonomic ganglia
87
What are post ganglionic neuron
Neurons that synapse with an effector organ
88
What does the length of each neuron depend on
The length of the neuron depends on the autonomic nervous system division and location of autonomic ganglia
89
In the sympathetic nervous system are preganglionic neurons short or long
Preganglionic neurons are short
90
In the sympathetic nervous system are postganglionic neurons long or short
Long
91
In the parasympathetic nervous system are preganglionic neurons long or short
Long
92
In the parasympathetic nervous system are postganglionic neurons short or long
Short
93
What do all preganglionic neurons release
Acetylcholine
94
What do postganglionic neurons release in the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
95
What do postganglionic neurons release in the parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
96
What are the two receptor types for different neurotransmitters
Cholinergic receptors | Adrenergic receptors
97
Where are adrenergic receptors located
In the sympathetic branch of the nervous system
98
Where are cholinergic receptors located
In the parasympathetic nervous system
99
What do cholinergic receptors do
Bind acetylcholine
100
What do adrenergic receptors do
Bind norepinephrine
101
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Animal Asthma
102
What is the treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Anti-inflammatory therapy and bronchial vasodilation
103
How do neurons generate and transmit impulses
Impulses are caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron. Ions must pass through protein channels in the cell membrane. Impulses travel down the axon until the end. At the axon terminal neurotransmitters are released to continue impulse transmission
104
What is an impulse
Action potential
105
What are the steps in impulse transmission
1. At rest until threshold reached 2. Depolarization (na enters axon- hits threshold- all ions rush in: na and k) 3. Repolarization (k leaves axon) Sodium potassium pump to restore original distribution
106
How can nerve impulse transmission be made faster
Increased diameter of axon, insulate axon with Myelin
107
What is saltatory conduction
When a nerve impulse jumps from one node of ranvier to the other
108
What happens at the end of an axon
Neurotransmitters are released. Neurotransmitters then defuse to the next neuron or effector. They bind to the next neuron opening the na channels
109
What is myasthenia gravis
It is an auto immune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. muscle weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction inhibiting the Excitatory affects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. It is treated with immunosuppressant's and thymectomy. Muscles that control I eyelid movement, facial expressions, chewing talking and swallowing are especially susceptible. Common and families with other autoimmune diseases. Disease does not get worse with age. Most commonly affects women under 40 and people from 50 to 70 years old

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions