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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13- Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three main functional categories of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory
  2. integration
  3. motor
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1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system

A

Along with the endocrine system helps the body maintain homeostasis. Transmits electrochemical impulses

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2
Q

What does the sensory category of the nervous system do

A

Receives information

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3
Q

What does the integration category of the nervous system do

A

Sensory information processed to produce a response

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4
Q

What does the motor category of the nervous system do

A

Sends response instructions to an effector organ

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5
Q

What is an effector organ

A

A muscle or gland

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6
Q

What is a sensory neuron called

A

Afferent neuron

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7
Q

What is the integration neuron called

A

Interneuron

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8
Q

What is the motor neuron called

A

Efferent

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9
Q

What is the function of a neuron

A

Receive and transmit information via electrochemical impulses. High metabolic demands needs constant supply of oxygen and glucose

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10
Q

Where are neurotransmitters located

A

At the end of a neuron. Transmission of impulse is chemical

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11
Q

What are neuron processes

A

Dendrites and axons

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12
Q

What does synapse mean

A

Connect

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13
Q

What is a ganglia

A

Cluster of cell body in peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

What is a nuclei

A

Cluster of cell bodies in central nervous system

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15
Q

What are nerves

A

Bundles of neuron processes in preferal nervous system

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16
Q

What are tracts

A

Bundles of neuron processes in central nervous system

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17
Q

What is a fiber

A

Long axon

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18
Q

What are the functions of neuroglia cells

A

Phagocytize pathogens and debris. link neurons to capillaries, help recycle neurotransmitters and ions, help circulate cerebral spinal fluid through CMS, speed up impulse transmission

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19
Q

What is the blood brain barrier. What are its pros and cons

A

The blood brain barrier is a highly selective barrier between the cardiovascular system and brain. Lipid soluble substances pass easily. Formed by tight junctions of endothelial cells in the brain. Pros prevents passage of pathogens and toxins. Cons proteins white blood cells and antibiotics cannot pass through it

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20
Q

What is a myelin sheath and what does it surround. What is it made up of. What’s its function

A

Mylan sheath is a segmented fatty layer formed by Schwan cells in the peripheral nervous system and Oligodendrites in the central nervous system. Function to protect and electrically insulate the axon, increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

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21
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons which are visible as distinct regions, white and gray matter

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22
Q

What is degenerative myelopathy

A

Progressive destruction of myelinated nerves of spinal cord. Progressive hindlimb ataxia leading to paralysis. Possibly autoimmune no cure not painful. euthanasia

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23
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system. And what are they composed of

A

Central nervous system which is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system which is composed of cranial (12 pair) spinal nerves(31+ pairs) Sensory(afferent) motor(efferent) or mixed

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24
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system control

A

Sensory neurons and motor neurons

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25
Q

What are the two branches of motor neurons

A

Somatic nervous system(voluntary) and autonomic nervous system(involuntary)

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26
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) or parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

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27
Q

What are five major nerves of the peripheral nervous system and indicate their location

A

Cranial nerves located on face. Vagus nerve located cranial to shoulder blade. brachial plexus located on shoulder blade. spinal nerves located in spinal cord. sciatic nerve located on medial portion of hindlimb

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28
Q

What is the function of an afferent neuron

A

It is a sensory neuron

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29
Q

What. Do axons synapse with

A

Other axons

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30
Q

Which neuron would conduct an impulse faster myelinated or unmyelinated

A

Myelinated

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31
Q

Which division of the nervous system would regulate blood pressure

A

Autonomic nervous system, involuntary

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32
Q

In a vertebrae where is the sensory portion of the spinal nerve located. Where is the motor portion of the spinal nerve located

A

Sensory is located on the dorsal root of spinal nerves. Motor is located on the ventral route of spinal nerves

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33
Q

What are reflexes

A

Rapid involuntary predictable motor responses to stimuli. Helped to protect body and maintain homeostasis.

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34
Q

What is a pathway of neurons called

A

Reflex arc

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35
Q

Describe somatic reflexes and list all examples

A

Activate skeletal muscle. Used to assess spinal cord or peripheral nerve damage. Stretch reflex withdrawal reflex extensor reflex

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36
Q

Describe autonomic (visceral )reflexes. And list all examples

A

Activate visceral effectors (smoothed or cardiac muscle or glands.) Baroreflex, papillary reflex, palpebral reflex

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37
Q

What is a patellar reflex and what is it an example of

A

Knee-jerk reflex which is an example of the stretch reflex

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38
Q

What is a crossed extensor reflex considered

A

Contra lateral

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39
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex and patellar reflex considered

A

Ipsilateral

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40
Q

What are the four regions that the brain can be divided into

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

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41
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

Largest region of the brain. Higher-level functions learning intelligence communication receiving and interpreting sensory information and forming voluntary motor responses

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42
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of gray matter

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43
Q

What is it gyri (in cerebral cortex)

A

Ridges

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44
Q

What are sulci (in cerebral cortex)

A

Shallow grove

45
Q

What are fissures (in cerebral cortex)

A

Deep grooves

46
Q

What is the largest tract of white fibers in the cerebrum called

A

Corpus callosum. Contralateral control right hemisphere controls left side of Body

47
Q

What is a cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary motor movements initiated in cerebral cortex. Helps maintain posture and balance

48
Q

What can damage to the cerebellum cause

A

Cerebellar ataxia (uncoordinated movements)

49
Q

What is Cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Kittens infected in utero with panleukopenia virus

50
Q

What are the three main structures of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

51
Q

What is a thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information

52
Q

What is a hypothalamus

A

Endocrine and nervous system functions produces hormones and regulation of body temperature, thirst and hunger

53
Q

What is a pituitary gland

A

The master gland releases own hormones and controls other glands such as the anterior and posterior pituitary glands

54
Q

What does the brainstem control. And what are the three main structures

A

The brainstem controls many vital autonomic functions such as breathing heart rate coughing swallowing vomiting vasodilation and construction. The three structures are midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

55
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

Caudal continuation of brainstem. Composed of central canal white and gray matter. Tracks carry impulses to and from the brain

56
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord protected by

A

Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the blood brain barrier. and the cerebral spinal fluid from the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

57
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges

A

Dura matter, arachnoid matter, and Pia matter

58
Q

Describe Dura matter

A

Thick and fibrous

59
Q

Describe arachnoid matter. What is a sub arachnoid space

A

Arachnoid matter is delicate and web like. Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid blood vessels

60
Q

Describe pia matter

A

Very thin.

61
Q

Describe the function of the meninges

A

Protected the CNS.

62
Q

What is inflammation of the meninges called and what is it caused by

A

Meningitis and it’s caused by viral, bacterial, fungal infections

63
Q

Describe cerebrospinal fluid. What is it made by

A

Fluid inside ventricles(brain), central cavity (spinal cord), subarachnoid space of meninges. Made by the choroid plexus similar in composition to blood plasma. Liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to CNS and protects CNS from blows and other trauma

64
Q

What is the choroid plexus composed of

A

Glial cells + capillaries

65
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid taps

A

To provide information regarding infections, cancers and nervous disorders

66
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Inflammation of brain

67
Q

What is myelitis

A

Inflammation of spinal cord

68
Q

How is cerebrospinal fluid collected

A

Collected with this final syringe with a stylet. General anesthesia is used

69
Q

What is a cisternal tap. Where is it done

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern. Done at atlanto-occipital joint.

70
Q

What is a lumbar tap. Where is it done

A

Ventral subarachnoid space between l5-6

71
Q

What is hydrocephalis

A

Too much cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral ventricles. Due to blockage or overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid. Common in brachiocephalic dogs and simese cats

72
Q

What is an epidural

A

Epidural anesthesia isn’t is a technique to administer substances into the epidural space outside of the Dura matter between L7 and S1. Use for orthopedic hindlimb surgeries, C-sections, anti-inflammatory injections of cortisone. Advantages local block or analgesia on spinal nerves does not affect brain

73
Q

How does the spinal cord end

A

Spinal cord ends just cranial lead to sacrum then branches into cauda equina

74
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome

A

Due to compression of vertebral space on nerves. Due to intravertebral disc herniation, osteophytes, injury, tumor. Pain, weakness in hind end, and incontinence. Common in large dogs. Diagnosis MRI to confirm. Treatment anti-inflammatories and surgery

75
Q

What is a neural tube

A

Formed by rolling of outer tissue layer of the central nervous system

76
Q

What is a cranial Bulge

A

The brain

77
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Vertebral arches not completely formed. Spinal cord not enclosed by vertebrae. Mild (asymptomatic) to severe, incontinence hind end weakness and paralysis

78
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system

A

Bring sensory information to the central nervous system. Brings motor information from central nervous system to the effector organs

79
Q

What are spinal nerves considered

A

Mixed nerves

80
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of

A

Consists of involuntary motor neurons supplying smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

81
Q

What are the antagonistic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

82
Q

What are most organs innervated by, the sympathetic nervous system the parasympathetic?

A

Most organs are innervated by both to enable homeostatic balance

83
Q

Where do the sympathetic neurons exit the central nervous system

A

At the thoracolumbar region

84
Q

Where do the parasympathetic neurons exit the central nervous system

A

At the brainstem and sacral region

85
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of which two neurons synapsing in a ganglion

A

Preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons

86
Q

What are preganglionic neurons

A

Neurons that originate in the central nervous system then synapse in autonomic ganglia

87
Q

What are post ganglionic neuron

A

Neurons that synapse with an effector organ

88
Q

What does the length of each neuron depend on

A

The length of the neuron depends on the autonomic nervous system division and location of autonomic ganglia

89
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system are preganglionic neurons short or long

A

Preganglionic neurons are short

90
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system are postganglionic neurons long or short

A

Long

91
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system are preganglionic neurons long or short

A

Long

92
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system are postganglionic neurons short or long

A

Short

93
Q

What do all preganglionic neurons release

A

Acetylcholine

94
Q

What do postganglionic neurons release in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

95
Q

What do postganglionic neurons release in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

96
Q

What are the two receptor types for different neurotransmitters

A

Cholinergic receptors

Adrenergic receptors

97
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors located

A

In the sympathetic branch of the nervous system

98
Q

Where are cholinergic receptors located

A

In the parasympathetic nervous system

99
Q

What do cholinergic receptors do

A

Bind acetylcholine

100
Q

What do adrenergic receptors do

A

Bind norepinephrine

101
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Animal Asthma

102
Q

What is the treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Anti-inflammatory therapy and bronchial vasodilation

103
Q

How do neurons generate and transmit impulses

A

Impulses are caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron. Ions must pass through protein channels in the cell membrane. Impulses travel down the axon until the end. At the axon terminal neurotransmitters are released to continue impulse transmission

104
Q

What is an impulse

A

Action potential

105
Q

What are the steps in impulse transmission

A
  1. At rest until threshold reached
  2. Depolarization (na enters axon- hits threshold- all ions rush in: na and k)
  3. Repolarization (k leaves axon)
    Sodium potassium pump to restore original distribution
106
Q

How can nerve impulse transmission be made faster

A

Increased diameter of axon, insulate axon with Myelin

107
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

When a nerve impulse jumps from one node of ranvier to the other

108
Q

What happens at the end of an axon

A

Neurotransmitters are released. Neurotransmitters then defuse to the next neuron or effector. They bind to the next neuron opening the na channels

109
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

It is an auto immune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. muscle weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction inhibiting the Excitatory affects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. It is treated with immunosuppressant’s and thymectomy. Muscles that control I eyelid movement, facial expressions, chewing talking and swallowing are especially susceptible. Common and families with other autoimmune diseases. Disease does not get worse with age. Most commonly affects women under 40 and people from 50 to 70 years old

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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