Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 15 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts or are they ductless

A

Ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are two examples of endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do endocrine glands develop from

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands

A

Produce and secrete hormones into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the receptors found for the hormones produced by endocrine glands

A

Target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hormone release controlled by

A

Negative feedback or autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A

Part of the Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which functions does the hypothalamus have endocrine or nervous

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the nervous functions of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus

A

Produces and secretes hormones that regulate the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do hormones that are created in the hypothalamus make their way to the pituitary gland

A

Travels through the pituitary stock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many hormones does the anterior portion of the pituitary gland produce and release

A

7 hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many hormones does the posterior portion of the pituitary gland release. And where are they produced

A

It releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus for the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diuresis

A

Loss of large amounts of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a nephron

A

Tubules of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the target cells of the antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

The nephrons of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the action caused by the antidiuretic hormone

A

Stimulates water reabsorption by tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What triggers antidiuretic hormone to be produced

A

Dehydration. High osmotic pressure of blood detected by chemoreceptors in hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does ADH do to the urine

A

Causes urine to be more concentrated, darker color stronger older less volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is that release of ADH inhibited by

A

Diuretics such as caffeine or alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is diabetes insipidus caused by

A

Lack of ADH production by hypothalamus.

Or Lack of binding of adh receptors on tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If there is a lack of ADH production by hypothalamus what type of diabetes insipidus does it cause

A

Central diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If there’s a lack of binding of ADH to receptors on tubules what type of diabetes insipidus does this cause

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

Polyurea and polydipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the challenges that owners face when they have an animal that has diabetes insipidus

A

Frequent litter box changes, walks, many accidents, constant access to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus

A

Depends on the cause. No treatment is an option if owner tolerates polyuria and polydipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the hormone oxytocin do

A

Stimulates muscular contraction during birth. And stimulates injection of milk from glands into ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the target cells for oxytocin

A

Smooth muscle cells of uterus and mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a trigger for oxytocin to be produced and released

A

The stretching of cervix or the stimulation of nipples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is oxytocin an example of

A

Positive feedback mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are synthetic forms of oxytocin used for

A

To induce labor in humans and other mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does oxytocin cause milk letdown

A

Oxytocin triggers the contraction of myoepithelial cells forcing milk from the alveoli into the ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is milk production controlled by

A

An anterior pituitary hormone called prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the relationship between the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus produces and secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones which travel to the anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens when the anterior pituitary gland is stimulate

A

It produces and releases tropic hormones which travel to target organs stimulating them to release their hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the seven hormones created by the anterior pituitary gland

A 
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does a tropic hormone do

A

Stimulates release of other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does growth hormone do

A

Promotes growth and young animals. And regulates metabolism to promote growth (protein synthesis, hydrolysis of lipids and glycogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is bovines somatotropin hormone used for

A

To extend milk production of cows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How is bovines somatotropin hormone produced

A

Mass produced by genetically engineered bacteria. Use of this hormone linked to increased mastitis foot reproductive and digestive problems. not legal in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the hormone prolactin do

A

Triggers and maintains milk production. Production and release will cease if nursing or milking discontinues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a fresh cow

A

A cow that recently started lactating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the dry cow

A

The cow that is no longer lactating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the dry period

A

Time between drying off and birthing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do

A

Stimulates the growth and development of thyroid gland and production of thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the thyroid stimulating hormone production regulated by

A

The hypothalamus. High thyroid hormone levels negatively feedback on hypothalamus reducing its release of thyroid stimulating hormone releasing factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the homeostasis of thyroid hormone production maintain bye

A

Interactions of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and thyroid Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone. Do

A

Stimulates the growth and development of adrenal cortex and production of it’s hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How is the ACTH production regulated

A

Regulated by negative feedback on anterior pituitary from adrenal cortex hormones such as Cortisone. It is also regulated by the hypothalamus via the ACTH releasing factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the melanocyte stimulating hormone do

A

Associated with control of rapid color changes in various animals such as chameleons. Can cause increased pigmentation such as linea Nigra, the darkening of nipples in pregnant women and tanning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does the follicle-stimulating hormone do in females

A

Stimulates growth and development of follicle cells and oocytes in ovary. Stimulates follicles to produce estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does the follicle-stimulating hormone do in males

A

Stimulate spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubule’s of testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How can one cow have five calves in one year

A

By superovulation, artificial insemination, Flushing, embryo transfer into percipient heifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does the luteinizing hormone do in female

A

Triggers ovulation. Promotes the formation of corpus luteum from remaining follicle. Corpus luteum makes progesterone which helps maintain pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do in males

A

Stimulates production of testosterone by interstital cells of testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

Located on ventral surface of trachea caudal to larynx. Shape varies between species

57
Q

What is the thyroid gland activity located bye

A

Controlled by the thyroid stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary gland

58
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of

A

Fluid filled follicles containing precursor hormones

59
Q

What hormones are found in the thyroid gland

A

T3, triiodothyronine and t4 thyroxine

60
Q

What is essential for the production of thyroid gland hormone

A

Iodine

61
Q

How do both hormones function to control the metabolism

A

Assists in heat production, production of T3 and T4 increases with decreasing external temperature. Promotes protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate hydrolysis. Promotes growth and development in young animals

62
Q

What are the three thyroid gland abnormalities

A

Hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism

63
Q

What is goiter or hyperplasia

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

64
Q

What is hyperplasia or goiter caused by

A

Iodine deficiency in diet. Low thyroid hormone levels cause increased release of thyroid stimulating hormone which promotes continued growth of thyroid gland. Noncancerous noninflammatory

65
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient thyroid hormone production. More common in dogs than cats and more common in middle-aged animal

66
Q

What is the cause of hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid gland atrophy, disease of hypothalamus or anterior pituitary

67
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A

Weight gain, alopecia, intolerance to cold, lethargic

68
Q

What is the treatment of hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid hormone

69
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive thyroid hormone production

70
Q

What species is hyperthyroidism common in

A

Most common endocrine disorder and older cats but rare in dogs

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

A

Weight-loss, polyphagia, polyuria polydipsia tachycardia, aggressive, nervous, enlarged thyroid

72
Q

What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism

A

Surgery, radioactive iodine, antithyroid medication

73
Q

What does the thyroid gland hormone calcitonin do

A

Produced by sea cells between thyroid follicles. Regulates blood calcium levels with parathyroid hormone

74
Q

What are the target organs for the calcitonin thyroid hormone

A

Mainly bone. Osteoblasts form new bone

75
Q

What is the hormone in the parathyroid glands

A

Parathyroid hormone

76
Q

What are the parathyroid glands

A

Small nodular glands located near thyroid

77
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone antagonistic to

A

The calcitonin hormone.

78
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do

A

Raises blood calcium levels, helps prevent hypocalcemia

79
Q

What are the target organs for the parathyroid hormone

A

Boehm, kidney, intestines. Osteoclasts break down the bone, kidney nephron increase reabsorption and intestines increase calcium absorption

80
Q

What is hypocalcemia

A

Low blood calcium level.

81
Q

Where does hypocalcemia occurs

A

Occurs in lactating animals soon after birth, due to inability to mobilize calcium from bones fast enough

82
Q

How does hypocalcemia affect the body

A

Affects skeletal muscle causes weakness tremors and ability to stand walk or seizures

83
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia

A

IV calcium solution. feeding calcium rich foods not recommended because it depresses the parathyroid hormone production

84
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found

A

Located cranial to kidneys

85
Q

What are the two glands located in the adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

86
Q

What is the adrenal cortex controlled by

A

ACTH hormone from anterior pituitary gland

87
Q

What are the three types of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoid hormones
Mineralocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones

88
Q

What do glucocorticoid hormones do

A

Have a hyperglycemic effect and increase blood glucose levels. Promote catabolism of lipids, proteins in the process called gluconeogenesis. Also assists in maintenance of blood pressure and help resist effects of stress on the body

89
Q

What is hyperadrenocorticism

A

More common in older dogs rare in cats. Called Cushing’s syndrome. Overproduction of cortisol due to pituitary problems, adrenal tumors, overmedication of corticosteroids

90
Q

What is the treatment for hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing’s syndrome

A

Surgical removal of adrenal tumors, oral medication which blocks production of cortisol

91
Q

What are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing’s syndrome

A

Short-term polyuria polydipsia polyphagia excessive panting lethargic. Long-term bilateral symmetrical our peace, muscle atrophy, thin skin, reoccurring infections, slow wound healing, potbelly due to enlarged liver

92
Q

What is equine Cushing’s syndrome

A

Most common equine endocrines problem. More common in older horses due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of anterior pituitary gland. Increased ACTH production and decreased dopamine production

93
Q

What are the clinical signs of equines Cushing syndrome

A

Weight loss, muscle atrophy, shaggy non-shedding coat, lethargy, frequent laminitis

94
Q

What is the treatment for equine Cushing’s syndrome

A

Good management of diet feed and coat. Dopamine agonists

95
Q

What are glucocorticoid like drugs commonly used for

A

There commonly used as anti-inflammatories because they mimic actions of Cortizone hormones given in much higher doses

96
Q

What are the side effects of glucocorticosteroid drugs

A

Press immune system caused slow wound healing alter white blood cell counts cannibalism of proteins muscle atrophy hair thinning in loss suppressed adrenal cortex: Addison’s disease

97
Q

What is hypoadrenocorticism or Addison’s disease

A

Deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. Common in older female dogs Rare in cats

98
Q

What are the clinical signs of Addison’s disease

A

Lethargic, depression, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, polyuria polydipsia and bradycardia

99
Q

What is the treatment of Addison’s disease

A

Oral corticosteroids such as prednisone

100
Q

What are mineralocorticoid hormones

A

Regulate a lecture late levels in the blood. Also important in water levels and body. Target cells nephron cause reabsorption of sodium excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions

101
Q

What are sex hormones

A

Androgens and estrogens. Both males and females produce all sex hormones but in small amounts. Most usually are insignificant but I’m normally high production could explain sexual behavior of neutered animals

102
Q

In the adrenal Medela what type of cells making secrete hormones in the blood

A

Neuro secretory cells that are modified neurons

103
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla make?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Controlled by sympathetic autonomic nervous system

104
Q

What is it three hormones at the pancreas makes

A

Insulin, GlucaGen, somatostatin

105
Q

What is insulin made by it and what is it do

A

Made by beta cells and lowers blood glucose levels

106
Q

What is glucagon made by and what does it do

A

Made by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels

107
Q

What is somatostatin made by and what is it do

A

Somatostatin is made by Delta cells and it mildly inhibits actions of insulin GlucaGen growth hormone and also decreases digestive track activity

108
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

I cells are unable to get glucose as they need it because it is in the blood. Cause by deficiency of insulin which is typed one insulin-dependent and dogs or lack of response to insulin type two non-insulin-dependent in cats the result is hyperglycemia and glycosuria

109
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

Polydipsia polyurea polyphagia weight-loss weakness sudden cataracts dehydration

110
Q

What is diabetes mellitus controlled by

A

Daily insulin injections and regulation of diet and exercise

111
Q

What is equine metabolic syndrome

A

Insensitivity to insulin.

112
Q

What are the predisposing factors to EMS

A

Obesity, some breeds, ponies donkeys Morgan’s Pasofino’s

113
Q

What are horses that have EMS prone to

A

Laminitis and have abnormal amount of fat deposits

114
Q

How do you manage ems

A

Exercise, eliminate sugars, so okay, grazing muzzles, small hole Hay nets to slow feeding

115
Q

What are testicles composed of

A

Seminiferous tubule’s. Site of spermatogenesis which is sperm production by meiosis

116
Q

What are Leydig cells

A

Cells that are located between the tubules. Site of androgen production example testosterone

117
Q

What is the production of testosterone stimulated by

A

The luteinizing hormone

118
Q

What is testosterone responsible for

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics such as increased size and muscle mass, increased sex drive, development of accessory reproductive glands

119
Q

What is the use of anabolic steroids and horses for (therapeutic)

A

Increased appetite, increased muscle mass and tissue repair after injury or surgery, treatment for anemia, in prove stamina

120
Q

What’s hormones are produced in the ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

121
Q

What two hormones stimulate the production of ova and other hormones

A

FSH stimulates development of ovarian follicles and LH triggers ovulation stimulates development of corpus luteum from remaining follicle cells produces progesterone

122
Q

Where is estrogen produced and what is it do

A

Estrogen is produced by follicle cells and is responsible for development of reproductive structure and behavior changes during estrus

123
Q

What does progesterone do and where is it made

A

Adjuster and is produced by the corpus luteum and it prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg. Used therapeutically to synchronize animals reproductive cycles and to maintain pregnancies

124
Q

List endocrine organs

A

Kidneys, stomach, small intestine, placenta, thymus, pineal body

125
Q

What is the endocrine hormone in the kidneys

A

Erthropoietin

126
Q

What is the target cell for the endocrine hormone in the kidneys and what does it do

A

Red bone marrow. Stimulates production of erythrocytes

127
Q

What is the stimulus for production of the endocrine hormone in the kidneys

A

Hypoxia

128
Q

Is the endocrine hormone in the stomach

A

Gastrin

129
Q

What is the target cells for the endocrine hormone in the stomach and what is it do

A

Smooth muscle of stomach, gastric cells that release enzymes,hcl. Stimulates mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach

130
Q

What stimulus in the stomach causes the hormone gastrin to be released

A

Presence of food in the stomach

131
Q

What are the two endocrine hormones associated with the small intestine and what are their actions

A

Secretin. Cholecystokinin. Both inhibit actions of gastrin and stimulate gallbladder to release file made by liver

132
Q

What is the stimulus that causes the body to produce the hormones for the small intestine

A

Partially digested material stomach enters duodenum

133
Q

What is the target cells for the small intestine hormones

A

Pancreas exocrine cells

134
Q

What is the placenta

A

Working produced by embryonic mother during just a station, site of exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes by two separate capillary systems

135
Q

Does that endocrine hormone associated with the placenta. What is the target cell for the endocrine hormone, what is it do

A

The hormone is chorionic gonadotropin. The target cell is the corpus luteum. Stimulates corpus luteum to maintain and endometrium until placental development is complete

136
Q

What is the hormones that the thymus glad produce. What are the target cells. What does it do

A

Thymosin, thymopoietin. The target cells a good developing leukocytes and thymosin lymph nodes. Simulate development of T cells which are important immune system

137
Q

What is the pineal body. What hormone does it produce. What is the action of it

A

Neil body is located caudal to foulness rostral to cerebellum hormone produced his melatonin. Action influence cyclic body cycle such as sleep and waking cycles and estrus

138
Q

What are Prostaglandins?

A

Hormone like substances made from unsaturated fatty acids. Act locally do not travel very far and body. Her is functions such as influencing blood pressure G.I. tract function respiration information can you function blood clotting and reproductive function

139
Q

What do PGE’s do

A

Initiate information. Some NSAIDs function by inhibiting PGE synthesis

140
Q

What does PG F2 A do

A

Destroys corpus luteum. terminates early pregnancies

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions