Chapter 15 - Endocrine System Flashcards
0
Q
Do endocrine glands have ducts or are they ductless
A
Ductless
1
Q
What are two examples of endocrine glands
A
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
2
Q
What do endocrine glands develop from
A
Epithelial cells
3
Q
What is the function of endocrine glands
A
Produce and secrete hormones into blood
4
Q
Where are the receptors found for the hormones produced by endocrine glands
A
Target cells
5
Q
What is hormone release controlled by
A
Negative feedback or autonomic nervous system
6
Q
Where is the hypothalamus located
A
Part of the Diencephalon
7
Q
Which functions does the hypothalamus have endocrine or nervous
A
Both
8
Q
What are the nervous functions of the hypothalamus
A
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst
9
Q
What are the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus
A
Produces and secretes hormones that regulate the pituitary gland
10
Q
How do hormones that are created in the hypothalamus make their way to the pituitary gland
A
Travels through the pituitary stock
11
Q
How many hormones does the anterior portion of the pituitary gland produce and release
A
7 hormones
12
Q
How many hormones does the posterior portion of the pituitary gland release. And where are they produced
A
It releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus
13
Q
What are the two hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus for the posterior pituitary gland
A
Oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone
14
Q
What is diuresis
A
Loss of large amounts of water
15
Q
What is a nephron
A
Tubules of kidneys
16
Q
What are the target cells of the antidiuretic hormone ADH
A
The nephrons of the kidneys
17
Q
What is the action caused by the antidiuretic hormone
A
Stimulates water reabsorption by tubules
18
Q
What triggers antidiuretic hormone to be produced
A
Dehydration. High osmotic pressure of blood detected by chemoreceptors in hypothalamus
19
Q
What does ADH do to the urine
A
Causes urine to be more concentrated, darker color stronger older less volume
20
Q
What is that release of ADH inhibited by
A
Diuretics such as caffeine or alcohol
21
Q
What is diabetes insipidus caused by
A
Lack of ADH production by hypothalamus.
Or Lack of binding of adh receptors on tubules
22
Q
If there is a lack of ADH production by hypothalamus what type of diabetes insipidus does it cause
A
Central diabetes insipidus
23
Q
If there’s a lack of binding of ADH to receptors on tubules what type of diabetes insipidus does this cause
A
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus
Polyurea and polydipsia
25
What are the challenges that owners face when they have an animal that has diabetes insipidus
Frequent litter box changes, walks, many accidents, constant access to water
26
What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus
Depends on the cause. No treatment is an option if owner tolerates polyuria and polydipsia
27
What is the hormone oxytocin do
Stimulates muscular contraction during birth. And stimulates injection of milk from glands into ducts
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What are the target cells for oxytocin
Smooth muscle cells of uterus and mammary glands
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What is a trigger for oxytocin to be produced and released
The stretching of cervix or the stimulation of nipples
30
What is oxytocin an example of
Positive feedback mechanism
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What are synthetic forms of oxytocin used for
To induce labor in humans and other mammals
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How does oxytocin cause milk letdown
Oxytocin triggers the contraction of myoepithelial cells forcing milk from the alveoli into the ducts
33
What is milk production controlled by
An anterior pituitary hormone called prolactin
34
Describe the relationship between the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
The hypothalamus produces and secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones which travel to the anterior pituitary.
35
What happens when the anterior pituitary gland is stimulate
It produces and releases tropic hormones which travel to target organs stimulating them to release their hormones
36
What are the seven hormones created by the anterior pituitary gland
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Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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What does a tropic hormone do
Stimulates release of other hormones
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What does growth hormone do
Promotes growth and young animals. And regulates metabolism to promote growth (protein synthesis, hydrolysis of lipids and glycogen)
39
What is bovines somatotropin hormone used for
To extend milk production of cows
40
How is bovines somatotropin hormone produced
Mass produced by genetically engineered bacteria. Use of this hormone linked to increased mastitis foot reproductive and digestive problems. not legal in Canada
41
What does the hormone prolactin do
Triggers and maintains milk production. Production and release will cease if nursing or milking discontinues
42
What is a fresh cow
A cow that recently started lactating
43
What is the dry cow
The cow that is no longer lactating
44
What is the dry period
Time between drying off and birthing
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What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do
Stimulates the growth and development of thyroid gland and production of thyroid hormones
46
What is the thyroid stimulating hormone production regulated by
The hypothalamus. High thyroid hormone levels negatively feedback on hypothalamus reducing its release of thyroid stimulating hormone releasing factor
47
What is the homeostasis of thyroid hormone production maintain bye
Interactions of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and thyroid Glands
48
What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone. Do
Stimulates the growth and development of adrenal cortex and production of it's hormones
49
How is the ACTH production regulated
Regulated by negative feedback on anterior pituitary from adrenal cortex hormones such as Cortisone. It is also regulated by the hypothalamus via the ACTH releasing factor
50
What is the melanocyte stimulating hormone do
Associated with control of rapid color changes in various animals such as chameleons. Can cause increased pigmentation such as linea Nigra, the darkening of nipples in pregnant women and tanning
51
What does the follicle-stimulating hormone do in females
Stimulates growth and development of follicle cells and oocytes in ovary. Stimulates follicles to produce estrogen
52
What does the follicle-stimulating hormone do in males
Stimulate spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubule's of testes
53
How can one cow have five calves in one year
By superovulation, artificial insemination, Flushing, embryo transfer into percipient heifers
54
What does the luteinizing hormone do in female
Triggers ovulation. Promotes the formation of corpus luteum from remaining follicle. Corpus luteum makes progesterone which helps maintain pregnancy
55
What does luteinizing hormone do in males
Stimulates production of testosterone by interstital cells of testes
56
Where is the thyroid gland located
Located on ventral surface of trachea caudal to larynx. Shape varies between species
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What is the thyroid gland activity located bye
Controlled by the thyroid stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the thyroid gland composed of
Fluid filled follicles containing precursor hormones
59
What hormones are found in the thyroid gland
T3, triiodothyronine and t4 thyroxine
60
What is essential for the production of thyroid gland hormone
Iodine
61
How do both hormones function to control the metabolism
Assists in heat production, production of T3 and T4 increases with decreasing external temperature. Promotes protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate hydrolysis. Promotes growth and development in young animals
62
What are the three thyroid gland abnormalities
Hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
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What is goiter or hyperplasia
Enlarged thyroid gland
64
What is hyperplasia or goiter caused by
Iodine deficiency in diet. Low thyroid hormone levels cause increased release of thyroid stimulating hormone which promotes continued growth of thyroid gland. Noncancerous noninflammatory
65
What is hypothyroidism
Insufficient thyroid hormone production. More common in dogs than cats and more common in middle-aged animal
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What is the cause of hypothyroidism
Thyroid gland atrophy, disease of hypothalamus or anterior pituitary
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What are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism
Weight gain, alopecia, intolerance to cold, lethargic
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What is the treatment of hypothyroidism
Thyroid hormone
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What is hyperthyroidism
Excessive thyroid hormone production
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What species is hyperthyroidism common in
Most common endocrine disorder and older cats but rare in dogs
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What are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism
Weight-loss, polyphagia, polyuria polydipsia tachycardia, aggressive, nervous, enlarged thyroid
72
What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism
Surgery, radioactive iodine, antithyroid medication
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What does the thyroid gland hormone calcitonin do
Produced by sea cells between thyroid follicles. Regulates blood calcium levels with parathyroid hormone
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What are the target organs for the calcitonin thyroid hormone
Mainly bone. Osteoblasts form new bone
75
What is the hormone in the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone
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What are the parathyroid glands
Small nodular glands located near thyroid
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What is the parathyroid hormone antagonistic to
The calcitonin hormone.
78
What does the parathyroid hormone do
Raises blood calcium levels, helps prevent hypocalcemia
79
What are the target organs for the parathyroid hormone
Boehm, kidney, intestines. Osteoclasts break down the bone, kidney nephron increase reabsorption and intestines increase calcium absorption
80
What is hypocalcemia
Low blood calcium level.
81
Where does hypocalcemia occurs
Occurs in lactating animals soon after birth, due to inability to mobilize calcium from bones fast enough
82
How does hypocalcemia affect the body
Affects skeletal muscle causes weakness tremors and ability to stand walk or seizures
83
What is the treatment for hypocalcemia
IV calcium solution. feeding calcium rich foods not recommended because it depresses the parathyroid hormone production
84
Where are the adrenal glands found
Located cranial to kidneys
85
What are the two glands located in the adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
86
What is the adrenal cortex controlled by
ACTH hormone from anterior pituitary gland
87
What are the three types of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoid hormones
Mineralocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones
88
What do glucocorticoid hormones do
Have a hyperglycemic effect and increase blood glucose levels. Promote catabolism of lipids, proteins in the process called gluconeogenesis. Also assists in maintenance of blood pressure and help resist effects of stress on the body
89
What is hyperadrenocorticism
More common in older dogs rare in cats. Called Cushing's syndrome. Overproduction of cortisol due to pituitary problems, adrenal tumors, overmedication of corticosteroids
90
What is the treatment for hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing's syndrome
Surgical removal of adrenal tumors, oral medication which blocks production of cortisol
91
What are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing's syndrome
Short-term polyuria polydipsia polyphagia excessive panting lethargic. Long-term bilateral symmetrical our peace, muscle atrophy, thin skin, reoccurring infections, slow wound healing, potbelly due to enlarged liver
92
What is equine Cushing's syndrome
Most common equine endocrines problem. More common in older horses due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of anterior pituitary gland. Increased ACTH production and decreased dopamine production
93
What are the clinical signs of equines Cushing syndrome
Weight loss, muscle atrophy, shaggy non-shedding coat, lethargy, frequent laminitis
94
What is the treatment for equine Cushing's syndrome
Good management of diet feed and coat. Dopamine agonists
95
What are glucocorticoid like drugs commonly used for
There commonly used as anti-inflammatories because they mimic actions of Cortizone hormones given in much higher doses
96
What are the side effects of glucocorticosteroid drugs
Press immune system caused slow wound healing alter white blood cell counts cannibalism of proteins muscle atrophy hair thinning in loss suppressed adrenal cortex: Addison's disease
97
What is hypoadrenocorticism or Addison's disease
Deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. Common in older female dogs Rare in cats
98
What are the clinical signs of Addison's disease
Lethargic, depression, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, polyuria polydipsia and bradycardia
99
What is the treatment of Addison's disease
Oral corticosteroids such as prednisone
100
What are mineralocorticoid hormones
Regulate a lecture late levels in the blood. Also important in water levels and body. Target cells nephron cause reabsorption of sodium excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
101
What are sex hormones
Androgens and estrogens. Both males and females produce all sex hormones but in small amounts. Most usually are insignificant but I'm normally high production could explain sexual behavior of neutered animals
102
In the adrenal Medela what type of cells making secrete hormones in the blood
Neuro secretory cells that are modified neurons
103
What hormones does the adrenal medulla make?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Controlled by sympathetic autonomic nervous system
104
What is it three hormones at the pancreas makes
Insulin, GlucaGen, somatostatin
105
What is insulin made by it and what is it do
Made by beta cells and lowers blood glucose levels
106
What is glucagon made by and what does it do
Made by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels
107
What is somatostatin made by and what is it do
Somatostatin is made by Delta cells and it mildly inhibits actions of insulin GlucaGen growth hormone and also decreases digestive track activity
108
What is diabetes mellitus
I cells are unable to get glucose as they need it because it is in the blood. Cause by deficiency of insulin which is typed one insulin-dependent and dogs or lack of response to insulin type two non-insulin-dependent in cats the result is hyperglycemia and glycosuria
109
What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polydipsia polyurea polyphagia weight-loss weakness sudden cataracts dehydration
110
What is diabetes mellitus controlled by
Daily insulin injections and regulation of diet and exercise
111
What is equine metabolic syndrome
Insensitivity to insulin.
112
What are the predisposing factors to EMS
Obesity, some breeds, ponies donkeys Morgan's Pasofino's
113
What are horses that have EMS prone to
Laminitis and have abnormal amount of fat deposits
114
How do you manage ems
Exercise, eliminate sugars, so okay, grazing muzzles, small hole Hay nets to slow feeding
115
What are testicles composed of
Seminiferous tubule's. Site of spermatogenesis which is sperm production by meiosis
116
What are Leydig cells
Cells that are located between the tubules. Site of androgen production example testosterone
117
What is the production of testosterone stimulated by
The luteinizing hormone
118
What is testosterone responsible for
Development of secondary sexual characteristics such as increased size and muscle mass, increased sex drive, development of accessory reproductive glands
119
What is the use of anabolic steroids and horses for (therapeutic)
Increased appetite, increased muscle mass and tissue repair after injury or surgery, treatment for anemia, in prove stamina
120
What's hormones are produced in the ovaries
Estrogen and progesterone
121
What two hormones stimulate the production of ova and other hormones
FSH stimulates development of ovarian follicles and LH triggers ovulation stimulates development of corpus luteum from remaining follicle cells produces progesterone
122
Where is estrogen produced and what is it do
Estrogen is produced by follicle cells and is responsible for development of reproductive structure and behavior changes during estrus
123
What does progesterone do and where is it made
Adjuster and is produced by the corpus luteum and it prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg. Used therapeutically to synchronize animals reproductive cycles and to maintain pregnancies
124
List endocrine organs
Kidneys, stomach, small intestine, placenta, thymus, pineal body
125
What is the endocrine hormone in the kidneys
Erthropoietin
126
What is the target cell for the endocrine hormone in the kidneys and what does it do
Red bone marrow. Stimulates production of erythrocytes
127
What is the stimulus for production of the endocrine hormone in the kidneys
Hypoxia
128
Is the endocrine hormone in the stomach
Gastrin
129
What is the target cells for the endocrine hormone in the stomach and what is it do
Smooth muscle of stomach, gastric cells that release enzymes,hcl. Stimulates mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach
130
What stimulus in the stomach causes the hormone gastrin to be released
Presence of food in the stomach
131
What are the two endocrine hormones associated with the small intestine and what are their actions
Secretin. Cholecystokinin. Both inhibit actions of gastrin and stimulate gallbladder to release file made by liver
132
What is the stimulus that causes the body to produce the hormones for the small intestine
Partially digested material stomach enters duodenum
133
What is the target cells for the small intestine hormones
Pancreas exocrine cells
134
What is the placenta
Working produced by embryonic mother during just a station, site of exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes by two separate capillary systems
135
Does that endocrine hormone associated with the placenta. What is the target cell for the endocrine hormone, what is it do
The hormone is chorionic gonadotropin. The target cell is the corpus luteum. Stimulates corpus luteum to maintain and endometrium until placental development is complete
136
What is the hormones that the thymus glad produce. What are the target cells. What does it do
Thymosin, thymopoietin. The target cells a good developing leukocytes and thymosin lymph nodes. Simulate development of T cells which are important immune system
137
What is the pineal body. What hormone does it produce. What is the action of it
Neil body is located caudal to foulness rostral to cerebellum hormone produced his melatonin. Action influence cyclic body cycle such as sleep and waking cycles and estrus
138
What are Prostaglandins?
Hormone like substances made from unsaturated fatty acids. Act locally do not travel very far and body. Her is functions such as influencing blood pressure G.I. tract function respiration information can you function blood clotting and reproductive function
139
What do PGE's do
Initiate information. Some NSAIDs function by inhibiting PGE synthesis
140
What does PG F2 A do
Destroys corpus luteum. terminates early pregnancies
