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Anatomy & Physiology > Cadiovascular System > Flashcards

Cadiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

The heart location in the thoaracic cavity in the _______ (interpleural space)

A

Mediastinum

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1
Q

Location of the heart in the body? (Cavity)

A

Thoracic cavity

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2
Q

The heart is located between…

A

Area between the lungs and on top of the diaphragm

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3
Q

The heart is not located within…

A

The pleural membrane

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4
Q

Blood transports

A 
Nutrients
Wastes
Gases
Hormonones (antibodies)
Cells
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5
Q

Where is the heart located for dogs and cats?

A

Between the 3rd n 7th rib

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6
Q

Where is the heart located for horses and ruminant

A

Between the 2nd n 6th rib

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7
Q

Which later covers the epicardium?

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

The pericadium is composed of what three layers

A

Fibrous outer layer

Double serous layer

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9
Q

The myocardium is under which layer

A

Epicardium

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10
Q

The myocardium is what…

A

Cardiac muscle

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11
Q

Where is the endocardium

A

Under the myocardium

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12
Q

Name the layers from outside to inside

A

Pericadium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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13
Q

What is the name is the abnormal acclimation of serous fluid between visceral & parietal layers

A

Pericardium effusion

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14
Q

In pericardium effusion why can’t the heart fully expand during contractions?

A

Because the fibrous layer is not elastic

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15
Q

How is pericadium effusion fixed?

A

By relieving the pressure by aspiration of the serous fluid

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16
Q

What are the causes of pericadium effusion

A

Inflammation/ infection

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17
Q

Veins carries blood ___ the heart

A

To

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18
Q

Arteries carries blood ___ from the heart

A

Away

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19
Q

Veins are (oxygenated or deoxygenated)?

A

Deoxygenated

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20
Q

Arteries are ( deoxygenated/ oxygenated)

A

Oxygenated

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21
Q

What is the exclusion of a vein that is oxygenated

A

Pulmonary vein and umbilical vessels of fetus

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22
Q

What system supplies the heart with blood

A

Coronary system

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23
Q

Where is the coronary system

A

Located on external surface of the heart

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24
Q

Which system can the coronary system be part of

A

Systemic circulation

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25
Q

What do valves in the heart do

A

Prevent back flow

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26
Q

Veins prevent what?

A

Back flow

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27
Q

The pulmonary circulation is the blood flow between the ____ and ____

A

Heart and lungs

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28
Q

Systole

A

Cardiac contraction

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29
Q

Diastole

A

cardiac relaxation

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30
Q

What are the auricles?

A

Flaps of atria

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31
Q

The inter ventricular groove is on which part?

A

Left ventrical

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32
Q

Howany auricals are there?

A

2, for each atrium

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33
Q

Where are the 2 semicircular valves located?

A

Aortic valve, pulmonary valve

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34
Q

Where are the chordae tendinae?

A

On the tricuspid (rav) valve, bicuspid (lav) valve

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35
Q

Why do semi circular valves lack cordea tendinea?

A

Less pressure

The blood is falling through

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36
Q

In a dog the apex curves_____? (Which direction?)

A

Caudally

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37
Q

On a dog the tricuspid valve is best ausculated on which side of the body?

A

Right

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38
Q

Lumen of blood vessels are

A

Central blood containing space

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39
Q

Blood vessels have how many layers?

A

Three

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40
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Endothelium

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41
Q

What kind of endothelium do blood vessels contain

A

Simple squamous

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42
Q

What is another words for “layers” in the walls of arteries and veins

A

Tunics

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43
Q

Arteries are under ____blood pressure

A

High

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44
Q

Which have thicker walls which have more elastic fibers & smooth muscle

A

Arteries

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45
Q

Which blood vessels are under lower pressure

A

Veins

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46
Q

What helps prevent back flow?

A

Valves, skeletal muscles help push blood

47
Q

Except where are capillaries found?

A

Cartilage
Epithelia
cornea of eye
Lens of eye

48
Q

What are poorly vascularized

A

Ligaments and tendons

49
Q

What are the fictions of capillaries? (5)

A 
Exchange of gases
Nutrients
Wastes
Hormones
Defense
50
Q

What do capillaries provide

A

Direct asses to almost every cell

51
Q

The placenta serves as what?

A

It’s an organ of gas, nutrient, waste exchange.

52
Q

In fetal circulation the blood flow to the kidney & lungs from the GI tract is _____

A

Minimal, because of the placenta

53
Q

The umbilical cord.

The veins carry ______ blood

A

Oxygenated blood

54
Q

Veins in the umbilical corn carry oxygenated blood from _____ to ______

A

Placenta to fetus

55
Q

Via ________ is oxygenated blood carried from placenta to fetus

A

Ductus venosus

56
Q

Arteries carries _____ blood from fetus to placenta

A

Deoxygenated

57
Q

How can blood entering the RA bypass the lungs, (fetal circulation)

A

Foramen ovale
And
Ductus ateriosus

58
Q

What problem is associated with a vessel that does not close after birth

A

PDA

= patent ductus ateriosus

59
Q

In PDA was is inadequate?

A

Oxygenation

60
Q

PDA is a problem that is most common in

A

Most commen congenital heart problem in dogs

61
Q

What are the clinical signs of PDA

A

Shortness of breath
Coughing
General weakness
Excessive intolerance

62
Q

How is PDA diagnosed?

A

With auscultation, distinct murmur

ECG

63
Q

How is PDA treated

A

Close the ductus ateriosus

64
Q

What congenital condition causes mega esophagus?

A

PRAA

Persostant right aortic arch

65
Q

How does PRATT happend?

A

During development a fetus has 2 aortic arches. The left on forms the aorta. If the right one forms the aorta
= PRATT, the esophagus is contracted between the liaent ateriosus and the aorta. This causes megaesophagus

66
Q

The constriction between ______ and _____ causes megaesophagus

A

Ateriousum and aorta

67
Q

Diastole is preriod of______

A

Relaxation

68
Q

Systole is a period of ______

A

Contractions

69
Q

The contraction of aria is called

A

Atrial systole

70
Q

What happens in atrial systol

A

Blood moves from atria to ventricals

71
Q

What is it called when ventricals contract

A

Ventrical systole

72
Q

What happends in ventrical systole

A

Blood moves from ventricals to arteries

73
Q

What is the name for the relaxation of ventricals

A

Ventricular diastole

74
Q

What happends in ventricular diastole

A

Ventricles begin the refill with blood

75
Q

What is the name when the atria relax

A

Atrial diastole

76
Q

What happends in atrial diastole

A

Atria refill with blood

77
Q

Concerning blood, diastole ____ blood

A

refills

Either atria of ventrical

78
Q

Concerning blood, systole_____ blood

A

Moves blood

79
Q

What is the name for when blood moves from ventrical to arteries

A

Ventricular systole

80
Q

What is the name for when ventricals begin to refill with blood

A

Ventricular diastole

81
Q

What is the name for when blood moves from atria to ventricals

A

Atria systole

82
Q

What is the name for when atria refil with blood

A

Atrial diastole

83
Q

Using _____ can assessed heart sounds

A

Auscultation

84
Q

Lub is which “s”

A

S1

85
Q

Lub = s1 is the….

A

Closing of the AV valves

86
Q

Mitral valve is best hear on which side

A

Left

87
Q

Tricuspid valve is best heard on which side

A

Right

88
Q

Dub is which “s”

A

S2

89
Q

Dub = s2 is the….

A

Closing of the semilunar valves

90
Q

Pulmonary and aortic valves are best heard in which side

A

Left side

91
Q

S3 involves the….

A

Rapid filling of the ventricals

92
Q

S4 involves

A

Atrial systole

93
Q

S3 and s4 are in heard in which animals

A

Large animals

94
Q

Closing of AV valves =

A

Lub s1

95
Q

Rapid filling ventricals =

A

S3

96
Q

Closing of semilunar valves =

A

Dub s2

97
Q

Atrial systole

A

S4

98
Q

Cardiac muscle is able to….

A

Generate it’s own electrical impulse to signal contraction

99
Q

The SA node signals what

A

Initiates heart to beat by depolorization

100
Q

What’s another word for node

A

Pacemaker

101
Q

The initiation of the heart to beat by depolarizing the cell is by the___

A

Sa node

102
Q

The SA node initiates heart beat by ___________

A

Depolarizing the cells

103
Q

Depolarization continues ______ heart

A

Throughout

104
Q

What does the p wave represent

A

Atrial depolarization

105
Q

What does the QRS wave represent

A

Ventricular depolarization

106
Q

What does the T wave represent

A

Ventricular depolarization

107
Q

Where is the SA node located

A

At the junction of the vena cave and right atrium

108
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Near the tricuspid valve

109
Q

What is the flow of depolarization of the heart.

A

SA node ➡️ AV node➡️ AV bundles➡️ purkinje fibers

110
Q

Where are the purkinje located

A

Apex

111
Q

Explain cardiac output

A

It’s the amount of blood that leaves the heart

112
Q

CO = _______ + ________

A

Heart rate (hr) + stroke volume (sv)

113
Q

What does the heart rate depend on for depolarization

A

Rate of SA node

114
Q

What influences cardiac output (3)

A

Exercise
Autonomic nervous system
Blood pressure

115
Q

Where are the three sites of venipicture

A 
Femoral vein
Saphenouc vein
Jugular vein
Cephalon vein
Coccygeal vein

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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