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Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

0
Q

What is the matrix composed of

A

Ground substances + fibers

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1
Q

Blood being a connective tissue is made up of what

A

Matrix

Cells

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2
Q

The liquid in the matrix is?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Blood being a connective tissue is mainly _____

A

Cellular

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4
Q

What cells makes up blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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5
Q

What are the functions of blood (3)

A

Transport
Regulation
Defense

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6
Q

What catogories does blood regulate?

A

Body temperature
Water balance in cell
pH balance

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7
Q

Bloods function as defense. What does it defense against?

A

Against pathogens

Blood clotting

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8
Q

Blood is a suspension of formed elements in plasma? True or false

A

True

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9
Q

What composes blood

A

Plasma and formed elements

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10
Q

Formed elements is compossed of?

A

Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

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11
Q

What are the proteins in plasma?

A

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

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12
Q

What composes plasma

A

Proteins

Water and other solutes

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13
Q

Other solutes in plasma include…

A 
Ions
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases 
Regulatory substances
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14
Q

Leukocytes include

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes 
Eosinophils
Basophils
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15
Q

The percent of blood volume depends on____&_____

A

Species & hydration

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16
Q

Plasma is what color

A

Yellow

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17
Q

Why is plasma yellow

A

Due to bilirubin

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18
Q

Why should one without food before a blood sample

A

Because of postprandial lipemia

And is cloudy

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19
Q

What is the serum

A

Plasma - clotting factors

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20
Q

How do u isolate serum from whole blood?

A

Allow blood to clot
Centrifuge
Supernatant

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21
Q

Can serum be frozen for future use?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Why can’t whole blood the frozen

A

The cells ( white + red ) would lyse when frozen

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23
Q

How many pathways makeup the classic blood coagulation pathway

A

3

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24
Q

What are the three classic blood coagulating pathways

A

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Common

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25
Q

In the common pathway of the 3 blood coagulating pathway, what is the first pathway?

A

Prothrombin -> thrombin

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26
Q

In the common pathway of bloc coagulation what is the second pathway

A

Fibrinogen-> fibrin-> stable fibrin

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27
Q

_______ are used to prevent blood clotting?

A

Anticoagulants

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28
Q

What is an anticoagulant?

A

Substance that blocks one of the clotting factors in pathway.

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29
Q

Name three anticoagulants

A

EDTA

HEPARIN

WARFARIN

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30
Q

how does EDTA work as a anticoagulant?

A

It binds ca++

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31
Q

When heparin is used in a lab, what is the color of the top of the vial?

A

Lavender

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32
Q

Which anticoagulant occures naturally?

A

Heparin

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33
Q

Haparin is naturally occurring by?

A

Mast cells

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34
Q

Heparin is used to prevent

A

Thrombosis

Embolism

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35
Q

Which anticoagulant was use as a rat poison but now used medically as an oral anticoagulant?

A

Warfarin

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36
Q

Blood plasma is how much % of whole blood

A

55%

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37
Q

Leukocytes and thrombocytes is how much percent of whole blood

A

1%

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38
Q

Erythrocytes are how much percent of whole blood?

A

45%

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39
Q

What is also known as the “Buffy coat”

A

Leukocytes and thrombocytes

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40
Q

Which cells are complete cells?

A

WBCs

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41
Q

Which cells have no nuclei or most other organelles?

A

RBCs

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42
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments

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43
Q

How long do formed elements survive in blood?

A

Few days

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44
Q

Which cells are the exception for surviving in the blood stream longer than a few days?

A

Some WBCs

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45
Q

Where do most blood cells originate in and do not divide?

A

Red bone marrow

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46
Q

Which cell is the exception to originate in the red bone marrow and not divide

A

Some WBCs

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47
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells

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48
Q

What is the formation of blood cells called?

A

Hematopoiesis

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49
Q

Hematopoiesis is a ______ process

A

Continual

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50
Q

The correct word for red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

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51
Q

Red blood cell production is called?

A

Erythropoiesis

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52
Q

Erythropoiesis begins with a ______ into A _____

A

Stem cell into a erythrocyte

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53
Q

What are the three phases of the development pathway of erythropoiesis

A

Phase 1 : ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 : hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 : ejection of nucleus

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54
Q

In phase 1: ribosome synthesis what is the erythrocyte called

A

Basephillic erythroblast

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55
Q

In phase 2 of erythropoiesis, what is the erythrocyte called?

A

Orthochromatic erythroblast

56
Q

In stage 2-3 of erythropoiesis what is the erythrocyte called?

A

Orthorchromatic erythroblast

57
Q

In erythropoiesis what is the name when hemoglobulin production begins?

A

Polychromasia

58
Q

Polychromasia is defined by having a ___

A

Lavender cytoplasm

59
Q

What does high polychromatic signify?

A

Don’t know

60
Q

What is the hormone for erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

61
Q

What does the hormone erythropoiesis do?

A

Stimulate erythropoiesis

62
Q

There is always a small about of which hormone in the blood

A

Erythropoietin

63
Q

What will cause erythropoietin to depress production

A

High RBC or O2 levels

64
Q

Where is erythropoietin released by?

A

Kidney

65
Q

Erythropoietin is released by the kidneys in response to_____

A

Hypoxia

66
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Deficientcy in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

67
Q

What are the causes for hypoxia?

A
  • Decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction
  • insufficient hemoglobin per RBC ( iron deficiency)
  • reduced availability of O2 (ex: high altitudes)
68
Q

What is hemopoiesis and where does it occure?

A

The production of blood cells and platelets, which occures in the bone marrow

69
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occure in early fetus

A

Liver and spleen

70
Q

During hematopoiesis as the fetus ages what happens to the red bone marrow

A

Becomes more predominant

71
Q

As the animal ages the red bone marrow….

A

Is reduced to epiphysis and replaced by yellow marrow in diaphysis

72
Q

In adults what has limited hematopoiesis function

A

Liver and spleen

73
Q

Erythrocytes are….(physical)

A

Anucleated

Biconcave disks

No mitochondria

74
Q

Why are erythrocytes anucleated?

A

For more space for hemoglobin

75
Q

Why are erythrocytes shaped like a bi concave disk?

A
  • Higher surface area to transport gases across membrane

- for flexibility to be able to squeeze through small capillaries

76
Q

Why don’t erythrocytes have a mitochondria

A

Because they are involved in anaerobic reapiration (do not use O2 it is transporting)

77
Q

How do RBCs get their energy?

A

Don’t know

78
Q

Cell size and central pallow of a erythrocyte vary by ______

A

Species

79
Q

In an erythrocyte what is present in non mammalian species?

A

Nucleus

80
Q

Hemoglobin composes how much of a cell?

A

35%

81
Q

What is hemoglobin compossed of?

A

Globular proteins (4 polypeptides) + heme groups (containing iron)

82
Q

In hemoglobin oxygen reversible binds to ____

A

Iron

83
Q

How many oxygens can each hemoglobin carry

A

4

84
Q

There’s about 250 million Hb/ RBC

A

True

85
Q

What carries by size which carries by species

A

Hemoglobin

86
Q

Animals with ____ cells tends to have more RBCs

A

Smaller

87
Q

What are the 3 type of hemoglobin?

A

Embryonic hemoglobin

Fetal hemoglobin

Adult hemoglobin

88
Q

O2 loading in lungs produced which kind of hemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin

89
Q

What color is oxyhemoglobin

A

Ruby red

90
Q

Hb + O2 = Hbo2

A

Oxyhemoglobin

91
Q

O2 u loading tissue is considered which hemoglobin?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

92
Q

What color is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Dark red

93
Q

CO2 loading tissues involves what?

A

20% of CO2 in blood binding to Hb

94
Q

______animals tend to have longer lived RBCs

A

Larger

95
Q

Senesce means?

A

Age

96
Q

What happens when cells senesce

A

They become rounder with less surface area and get trapped in the spleen

97
Q

Most cells are _____ by macrophages

A

Phagocytozed

98
Q

Where are cells Phagocytozed by macrophages?

A

In spleen and blood vessels

99
Q

As cell age they are replaced by young cells from _________

A

Red bone marrow

100
Q

Heme and glob in proteins are ______ separated as cell ages

A

Separated

101
Q

What happens to globin when cell ages

A

It is metabolized into amino acids

102
Q

The animoacids from globin when the cell ages is sent where to do what

A

Send to liver for the production of new proteins

103
Q

Where is iron salvaged for reuse?

A

Red bone marrow

104
Q

Heme degrades into what?

A

Bilirubin

105
Q

Where is bilirubin sent do to what?

A

Liver to be used in bile to be decreased in SI

106
Q

What happens if the liver is unable to process all the bilirubin

A

It collect in tissue causing jaundice

107
Q

What is anemia

A

Is it a erythrocyte disorder where blood has abormally low O2 carrying capacity

108
Q

What accompanies anemia

A

Fatigue

Paleness

109
Q

Low levels of o2 cannot ______

A

Support metabolism

110
Q

Causes of anemia (3)

A

1- blood loss
2- decreased erythropoiesis example ( radiation for cancer)
3- decreased hemoglobin production ( iron deficiency)

111
Q

Polycythemia

A

An erythrocyte disorder with abnormally high number of RBCs

112
Q

What are the thee type of polycythemia

A

Relative polycythemia

Compensatory polycythemia

Polycethemia ruba vera

113
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Hemoconcenteation (loss of plasma) due to dehydration

114
Q

What is compensatory polycythemia

A

Increased erythropoiesis due to hypoxia

115
Q

What is polycythemia ruba Vera

A

Rare bone marrow disorder

116
Q

If you are dehydrated what kinda of polycythemia will u have

A

Relative polycythemia

117
Q

If u have increased erythropoiesis which polycythemia do u have

A

Compensatory polycythemia

118
Q

Of u have a rare bone marrow disease, which polycythemia will u have

A

Polycythemia ruba Vera

119
Q

How can u determine the amount of cells in blood

A

Manually count

Hematocrit

120
Q

Platelets are

A

Thrombocytes

121
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Fragments of larger cells

122
Q

What is megakaryocytes

A

Fragments of larger cells

123
Q

What are the function of thrombocytes?

A

Reduce petechial hemorrhaging

For temporary platelet plug

124
Q

Thrombocytes contain.

A

Clotting factors for coagulation

125
Q

Leukocytes are nucleated or unnucleated?

A

Nucleated!

126
Q

How much do Leukocytes make up of total blood volume?

A

1%

127
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Increased WBCs

128
Q

What is leukocytopenia

A

Decreased WBCs

129
Q

What do Leukocytes do?

A

Defense against pathogens

130
Q

What do Leukocytes do to capillaries?

A

Leave them leaky due to histamines to travel into tissues

131
Q

Leukocytes are decided into 2 major catogories?

A

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

132
Q

What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocyes?

A

Granules = have a visible cyoplasmis granules.

Agranulocyes = no visible granules

133
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

134
Q

What are the 2 agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

135
Q

Monocytes are considered?

A

Macrophages

136
Q

Lymphocytes are

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

137
Q

Granulocytes are _____ and ____ lived than RBCs

A

Larger

Shorter

138
Q

Granulocytes have a lobed nuclei. Another word for this is

A

Polymorphonuclear

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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