Blood Flashcards
0
Q
What is the matrix composed of
A
Ground substances + fibers
1
Q
Blood being a connective tissue is made up of what
A
Matrix
Cells
2
Q
The liquid in the matrix is?
A
Plasma
3
Q
Blood being a connective tissue is mainly _____
A
Cellular
4
Q
What cells makes up blood
A
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
5
Q
What are the functions of blood (3)
A
Transport
Regulation
Defense
6
Q
What catogories does blood regulate?
A
Body temperature
Water balance in cell
pH balance
7
Q
Bloods function as defense. What does it defense against?
A
Against pathogens
Blood clotting
8
Q
Blood is a suspension of formed elements in plasma? True or false
A
True
9
Q
What composes blood
A
Plasma and formed elements
10
Q
Formed elements is compossed of?
A
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
11
Q
What are the proteins in plasma?
A
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
12
Q
What composes plasma
A
Proteins
Water and other solutes
13
Q
Other solutes in plasma include…
A
Ions Nutrients Waste products Gases Regulatory substances
14
Q
Leukocytes include
A
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
15
Q
The percent of blood volume depends on____&_____
A
Species & hydration
16
Q
Plasma is what color
A
Yellow
17
Q
Why is plasma yellow
A
Due to bilirubin
18
Q
Why should one without food before a blood sample
A
Because of postprandial lipemia
And is cloudy
19
Q
What is the serum
A
Plasma - clotting factors
20
Q
How do u isolate serum from whole blood?
A
Allow blood to clot
Centrifuge
Supernatant
21
Q
Can serum be frozen for future use?
A
Yes
22
Q
Why can’t whole blood the frozen
A
The cells ( white + red ) would lyse when frozen
23
Q
How many pathways makeup the classic blood coagulation pathway
A
3
24
What are the three classic blood coagulating pathways
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Common
25
In the common pathway of the 3 blood coagulating pathway, what is the first pathway?
Prothrombin -> thrombin
26
In the common pathway of bloc coagulation what is the second pathway
Fibrinogen-> fibrin-> stable fibrin
27
_______ are used to prevent blood clotting?
Anticoagulants
28
What is an anticoagulant?
Substance that blocks one of the clotting factors in pathway.
29
Name three anticoagulants
EDTA
HEPARIN
WARFARIN
30
how does EDTA work as a anticoagulant?
It binds ca++
31
When heparin is used in a lab, what is the color of the top of the vial?
Lavender
32
Which anticoagulant occures naturally?
Heparin
33
Haparin is naturally occurring by?
Mast cells
34
Heparin is used to prevent
Thrombosis
Embolism
35
Which anticoagulant was use as a rat poison but now used medically as an oral anticoagulant?
Warfarin
36
Blood plasma is how much % of whole blood
55%
37
Leukocytes and thrombocytes is how much percent of whole blood
1%
38
Erythrocytes are how much percent of whole blood?
45%
39
What is also known as the "Buffy coat"
Leukocytes and thrombocytes
40
Which cells are complete cells?
WBCs
41
Which cells have no nuclei or most other organelles?
RBCs
42
What are platelets?
Cell fragments
43
How long do formed elements survive in blood?
Few days
44
Which cells are the exception for surviving in the blood stream longer than a few days?
Some WBCs
45
Where do most blood cells originate in and do not divide?
Red bone marrow
46
Which cell is the exception to originate in the red bone marrow and not divide
Some WBCs
47
What is hematopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells
48
What is the formation of blood cells called?
Hematopoiesis
49
Hematopoiesis is a ______ process
Continual
50
The correct word for red blood cell
Erythrocyte
51
Red blood cell production is called?
Erythropoiesis
52
Erythropoiesis begins with a ______ into A _____
Stem cell into a erythrocyte
53
What are the three phases of the development pathway of erythropoiesis
Phase 1 : ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 : hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 : ejection of nucleus
54
In phase 1: ribosome synthesis what is the erythrocyte called
Basephillic erythroblast
55
In phase 2 of erythropoiesis, what is the erythrocyte called?
Orthochromatic erythroblast
56
In stage 2-3 of erythropoiesis what is the erythrocyte called?
Orthorchromatic erythroblast
57
In erythropoiesis what is the name when hemoglobulin production begins?
Polychromasia
58
Polychromasia is defined by having a ___
Lavender cytoplasm
59
What does high polychromatic signify?
Don't know
60
What is the hormone for erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
61
What does the hormone erythropoiesis do?
Stimulate erythropoiesis
62
There is always a small about of which hormone in the blood
Erythropoietin
63
What will cause erythropoietin to depress production
High RBC or O2 levels
64
Where is erythropoietin released by?
Kidney
65
Erythropoietin is released by the kidneys in response to_____
Hypoxia
66
What is hypoxia?
Deficientcy in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
67
What are the causes for hypoxia?
- Decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction
- insufficient hemoglobin per RBC ( iron deficiency)
- reduced availability of O2 (ex: high altitudes)
68
What is hemopoiesis and where does it occure?
The production of blood cells and platelets, which occures in the bone marrow
69
Where does hematopoiesis occure in early fetus
Liver and spleen
70
During hematopoiesis as the fetus ages what happens to the red bone marrow
Becomes more predominant
71
As the animal ages the red bone marrow....
Is reduced to epiphysis and replaced by yellow marrow in diaphysis
72
In adults what has limited hematopoiesis function
Liver and spleen
73
Erythrocytes are....(physical)
Anucleated
Biconcave disks
No mitochondria
74
Why are erythrocytes anucleated?
For more space for hemoglobin
75
Why are erythrocytes shaped like a bi concave disk?
- Higher surface area to transport gases across membrane
| - for flexibility to be able to squeeze through small capillaries
76
Why don't erythrocytes have a mitochondria
Because they are involved in anaerobic reapiration (do not use O2 it is transporting)
77
How do RBCs get their energy?
Don't know
78
Cell size and central pallow of a erythrocyte vary by ______
Species
79
In an erythrocyte what is present in non mammalian species?
Nucleus
80
Hemoglobin composes how much of a cell?
35%
81
What is hemoglobin compossed of?
Globular proteins (4 polypeptides) + heme groups (containing iron)
82
In hemoglobin oxygen reversible binds to ____
Iron
83
How many oxygens can each hemoglobin carry
4
84
There's about 250 million Hb/ RBC
True
85
What carries by size which carries by species
Hemoglobin
86
Animals with ____ cells tends to have more RBCs
Smaller
87
What are the 3 type of hemoglobin?
Embryonic hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin
Adult hemoglobin
88
O2 loading in lungs produced which kind of hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
89
What color is oxyhemoglobin
Ruby red
90
Hb + O2 = Hbo2
Oxyhemoglobin
91
O2 u loading tissue is considered which hemoglobin?
Deoxyhemoglobin
92
What color is deoxyhemoglobin?
Dark red
93
CO2 loading tissues involves what?
20% of CO2 in blood binding to Hb
94
______animals tend to have longer lived RBCs
Larger
95
Senesce means?
Age
96
What happens when cells senesce
They become rounder with less surface area and get trapped in the spleen
97
Most cells are _____ by macrophages
Phagocytozed
98
Where are cells Phagocytozed by macrophages?
In spleen and blood vessels
99
As cell age they are replaced by young cells from _________
Red bone marrow
100
Heme and glob in proteins are ______ separated as cell ages
Separated
101
What happens to globin when cell ages
It is metabolized into amino acids
102
The animoacids from globin when the cell ages is sent where to do what
Send to liver for the production of new proteins
103
Where is iron salvaged for reuse?
Red bone marrow
104
Heme degrades into what?
Bilirubin
105
Where is bilirubin sent do to what?
Liver to be used in bile to be decreased in SI
106
What happens if the liver is unable to process all the bilirubin
It collect in tissue causing jaundice
107
What is anemia
Is it a erythrocyte disorder where blood has abormally low O2 carrying capacity
108
What accompanies anemia
Fatigue
| Paleness
109
Low levels of o2 cannot ______
Support metabolism
110
Causes of anemia (3)
1- blood loss
2- decreased erythropoiesis example ( radiation for cancer)
3- decreased hemoglobin production ( iron deficiency)
111
Polycythemia
An erythrocyte disorder with abnormally high number of RBCs
112
What are the thee type of polycythemia
Relative polycythemia
Compensatory polycythemia
Polycethemia ruba vera
113
What is relative polycythemia?
Hemoconcenteation (loss of plasma) due to dehydration
114
What is compensatory polycythemia
Increased erythropoiesis due to hypoxia
115
What is polycythemia ruba Vera
Rare bone marrow disorder
116
If you are dehydrated what kinda of polycythemia will u have
Relative polycythemia
117
If u have increased erythropoiesis which polycythemia do u have
Compensatory polycythemia
118
Of u have a rare bone marrow disease, which polycythemia will u have
Polycythemia ruba Vera
119
How can u determine the amount of cells in blood
Manually count
| Hematocrit
120
Platelets are
Thrombocytes
121
What are thrombocytes?
Fragments of larger cells
122
What is megakaryocytes
Fragments of larger cells
123
What are the function of thrombocytes?
Reduce petechial hemorrhaging
For temporary platelet plug
124
Thrombocytes contain.
Clotting factors for coagulation
125
Leukocytes are nucleated or unnucleated?
Nucleated!
126
How much do Leukocytes make up of total blood volume?
1%
127
What is leukocytosis
Increased WBCs
128
What is leukocytopenia
Decreased WBCs
129
What do Leukocytes do?
Defense against pathogens
130
What do Leukocytes do to capillaries?
Leave them leaky due to histamines to travel into tissues
131
Leukocytes are decided into 2 major catogories?
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
132
What is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocyes?
Granules = have a visible cyoplasmis granules.
Agranulocyes = no visible granules
133
What are the three granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
134
What are the 2 agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
135
Monocytes are considered?
Macrophages
136
Lymphocytes are
B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells
137
Granulocytes are _____ and ____ lived than RBCs
Larger
Shorter
138
Granulocytes have a lobed nuclei. Another word for this is
Polymorphonuclear
