Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Flashcards
0
Q
Describe cancellous bone
A
Light and spongy
1
Q
What are the two types of bones
A
Cancellous bone and compact bone
2
Q
Describe compact bone
A
Heavy and dense
3
Q
What are long bones
A
Bones that are longer than they are wide
4
Q
What are the ends of long bones called
A
Epiphyses
5
Q
What are Epiphyses
A
Cancellous bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
6
Q
What is the long part of a long bone called
A
Diaphysis
7
Q
What is the diaphysis primarily composed of
A
Compact bone
8
Q
What are growth plates composed of
A
Cartilage
9
Q
What is the name of the growth plate in the long bone
A
Epiphyseal plates
10
Q
Once an animal reaches his full-size what happens to the epiphyseal plates
A
They are replaced by solid bone through a process called ossification
11
Q
What do short bones look like
A
Blocks
12
Q
What are short bones composed of
A
An inner core of cancellous bone covered by thin layer of compact bone
13
Q
What are the most common short bones on the body
A
Carpal and tarsal bones
14
Q
Describe flat bones
A
Mostly flat and thin resembling a bone sandwich
15
Q
Describe the structure of a flat bone
A
A central layer of cancellous bone covered on both sides by thin layers of compact bone
16
Q
Where are flat bones often found
A
The pelvic bones and the scapula are flat bones
17
Q
Describe irregular bones
A
Odd shaped and don’t fit into any of the other bone categories
18
Q
What are articular surfaces
A
Articular surfaces are smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces of another bone to form a joint
19
Q
What are articular surfaces covered with
A
Hyaline cartilage
20
Q
What is a condyle
A
A usually large round articular surface
21
Q
What bones have the most prominent condyles
A
The distal ends of the femur and humerus and the occipital bone
22
Q
What are vertebrae considered
A
Irregular bone
23
Q
What bone types does the skull contain
A
Flat bones and irregular bones
24
Where is the head of a bone found
At the proximal end of a long bone
25
How is the head joined to the rest of the bone
By a narrowed region called the neck
26
Describe the head of a bone
Mostly spherical in shape
27
What bones have heads
The proximal ends of the femur humerus and ribs
28
What is a facet
A facet is a flat articular surface
29
Where are facets found
It is found on carpal bones tarsal bones vertebrae and some long bones such as the radius and ulna
30
What are processes
Processes are the lumps and bumps on bones
31
What are condyles and heads on long bones considered
Processes but they have a specific articular function so they're classified as articular surfaces
32
What is the processes on bones used for
Is the place where the tendons of muscles attach to the bone. larger processes are where more powerful muscles attach
33
What is the processes of the femur called
Trochanter
34
What is the processes of the humerus called
Tubercle
35
What is the processes of the ischium called
Tuber
36
What is the processes of the tibia called
Crest
37
What is the processes of the ulna called
Olecranon
38
What is the processes of the scapula called
Spine
39
What is the processes of the Atlas called
Wing
40
What are holes in bones called
Foramen
41
What is the purpose of a hole in the bone
It is a passageway for blood vessels or nerves to enter and leave the bone
42
What is a fossa
A fossa is a depressed sunken area on the surface of a bone
43
What are bone fossae usually occupied by
Muscles or tendons
44
What joint is formed when the femur fits into the socket of the Pelvis
Hip joint
45
What joint is formed when the head of the humerus goes into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Shoulder joint
46
What do the heads of the ribs articulate with
The thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column
47
What is the purpose of the foreman in the pelvic bone
To make the pelvic bone lighter
48
What is the axial skeleton composed of
The bones located on or near the central cranial-caudal axis of the body, the skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs, sternum
49
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of
The main appendages of the body: thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs
50
What are the jagged immovable fibrous joints of the skull called
Sutures
51
What is the only freely movable joint of the skull
Temporomandibular joint
52
What bones are considered the external bones of the cranium
Occipital bone, interparietal bone, parietal bone, temporal bones, frontal bones
53
Describe the Occipital bone
Single bone that forms the base portion of the skull
54
What is the name of the large opening in the occipital bone
Foramen magnum
55
With what do the occipital condyles form a joint
The atlas
56
What is the Atlas
The first cervical vertebra
57
What are the interparietal bones
Two small bones in the dorsal midline between the occipital bone and the parietal bone
58
What are the parietal bones
Two bones that form the dorsolateral portion of the cranium
59
What are the Temporal bones
Two bones that form the ventrolateral portion of the cranium
60
What do the Temporal bones contain
The middle and inner ear structures
61
What joint do the Temporal bones form with the mandible
Temporomandibular joint
62
What are the frontal bones
Two bones that form the forehead part of the skull
63
What do the frontal bones contain
Large frontal sinuses
64
What do the frontal bones form
The rostral lateral part of the cranium and part of the orbit of the eye
65
In horned animals where does the horn develop
Around the cornual processes of the frontal bone
66
What bones are considered external bones of the face
Incisive bones, nasal bones, maxillary bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, mandible
67
What are incisive bones
Two bones that are the most rostral skull bones
68
What do the incisive bones house in most animals
Upper incisor teeth
69
What are nasal bones
Two bones that form the bridge of the nose- the dorsal part of the nasal cavity
70
What are the maxillary bones
Two bones that make up most of the upper jaw
71
What do the maxillary bones house
Upper canine teeth and upper premolar and molar teeth
72
What do the maxillary bones contain
The maxillary sinuses
73
What are the lacrimal bones
Two small bones that form part of the orbit of the eye
74
What do lacrimal bones contain
The lacrimal sacs
75
What are the lacrimal sacs
Part of the year drainage system
76
What are the zygomatic bones
Cheekbones. Two bones that form a portion of the orbit of the eye and a portion of the zygomatic arch
77
What is the mandible
Lower job. Two bones united rostrally by mandibular symphysis in dogs, cats, cattle
78
In what species is the mandible one solid bone
Swine and horses
79
What is the shaft of the mandible
Horizontal part that houses all lower teeth
80
What is a turbinate
Thin, scroll like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavities
81
What is the function of turbinate
Condition inhaled air
82
What is the function of the hyoid bone and where is it located
It attaches to the Temporal bones and supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, larynx
83
What is the spinal column made up of
Series of irregular bones called vertebrae that extend from the skull to the top of the tail
84
What does a typical vertebra consist of
A ventral body, a dorsal arch, and a group of processes
85
How are the bodies of adjacent vertebrae separated
By cartilaginous intervertebral discs
86
What are the three kinds of processes commonly found on vertebrae
A single spinous process that projects dorsally, two transverse processes that project laterally, and articular processes on the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebra
87
What are the five regions vertebrae are grouped into
Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, coccygeal vertebrae
88
What is the first cervical vertebrae called
The Atlas
89
What does the atlas form a joint with
The Occipital bone
90
What is the second cervical vertebrae called
The axis
91
What is the number of thoracic vertebrae equal to
The number of pairs of ribs the animal has
92
Where are the cervical vertebrae found
In the neck region
93
Where are the thoracic vertebrae found
In the chest region
94
Where are the lumbar vertebrae found
In the abdomen region
95
Where are the sacral vertebrae found
In the pelvis region
96
Where are the coccygeal vertebrae found
In the tail region
97
What is special about the sacral vertebrae
They are fused into a single solid structure called the sacrum. the sacrum forms a joint with the ilium of the pelvis.
98
What are ribs
Ribs are flat bones that form the lateral sides of the thorax
99
What do ribs articulate with
The thoracic vertebrae dorsally
100
What is the ventral part of the rib composed of
Costal cartilage
101
What is the sternum made up of
Bones called the sternabrae
102
What is the first sternabra called
The manubrium
103
What is the last sternabra called
Xiphoid
104
What are the thoracic limbs
The front legs
105
What is special about the thoracic limbs
In common domestic animals it has no bony connection to the axial skeleton
106
How is the thoracic limb connected to the axial skeleton
Buy a sling like arrangement of muscles and tendons
107
From proximal to distal end name the bones of the thoracic limb
Scapula, humorous, radius and ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges
108
What is the point at which the bony part of the rib meets the cartilaginous part of the rib called
Costochondral junction
109
What is the scapula and describe its shape
It is the shoulder blade. It is flat and somewhat triangular in shape. Has a spine like ridge that projects laterally
110
What is the name of the socket part of the ball and socket shoulder joint
Glenoid cavity
111
What joins the glenoid cavity to the main part of the scapula bone
The neck
112
What is a brachium
The upper arm
113
What is a humerus
Long bone of the brachium
114
What is the rounded head on the proximal end of the humerus part of
The ball part of the ball and socket shoulder joint
115
What joins the head of the humerus to the shaft of the humerus
The neck
116
To which large process on the humerus do the shoulder muscles attach
The greater tubercle on the proximal end of the humerus
117
What is the distal articular surface of the humerus collectively called? What is the medial part and lateral part called?
Condyle. The medial part is the trochlea and the lateral part is the capitulum
118
What is the name of the indentation on the caudal surface just proximal to the condyle on the humerus
The olecranon fossa
119
What is the ulna
The long bone of the antebrachium
120
What is the antebrachium
The forearm
121
What is the purpose of the large olecranon process on the proximal end of the ulna
Attachment site for triceps brachii muscle
122
What is the trochlear notch
Articular surface that wraps around the trochlea of the humeral condyle to make the elbow joint a tight secure joint
123
What is the radius
The main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium
124
What does the head on the proximal end of the radius articulate with
The capitulum of the humeral condyle to form part of the elbow joint
125
What does the neck on proximal end of the radius connect to
Next the head with the shaft of the bone
126
What does the styloid process on the distal end of the radius articulate with
The carpus
127
Where are the carpal bones located
Located immediately distal to the radius and the ulna
128
What do the carpal bones consist of
Two parallel rows of short bones
129
What are the carpal bones in the proximal row named
Radial carpal, ulnar carpal, accessory carpal and sometimes intermediate carpal
130
What are the metacarpal bones
They extend distally from distal row of carpal bones to proximal phalange of digit
131
How many metacarpal bones do dogs and cats have and how do you number them
Five. Number from medial (being number one) to lateral (being number five)
132
What is the large metacarpal bone in ruminants called. And what is it Made of
The cannon bone. It is formed from two fused bones, metacarpal number three and four
133
What are the phalanges
Individual bones that make up toes
134
What is digit number one called and how many phalanges does it have
Is commonly called dewclaw and has two phalanges, proximal and distal
135
How many phalanges does digit 2-4 contain
Contains three phalanges, proximal middle and distal
136
What are the pelvic limbs
The hind legs
137
How is the pelvic limb connected to the axial skeleton
Through the sacroiliac joint that unites the ilium of the pelvis with the sacrum of the spinal column
138
From proximal to distal list the bones of the pelvic limb
Pelvis, femur, tibia and fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges
139
How is the pelvis formed
From three separate bones, Ilium, ischium and pubis on each side that eventually fuse into a solid structure
140
What are the names of the separate bones of the pelvis used to indicate
The main regions of the pelvis
141
What is the ilium
The cranial most area of the pelvis
142
What is the ischium
The caudal most area of the pelvis
143
What is the pubis, where is it located, and what does it form
Pubis is located medially and forms the cranial part of the pelvic floor
144
What forms the caudal part of the pelvic floor
The ischium
145
What receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint
The concave acetabulum on lateral surface
146
How are the two halves of the pelvis joined ventrally
By a cartilaginous joint, the pelvic symphysis
147
What are the obturator foramina?
Two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that serve to lighten the pelvis
148
What is a femur
The long bones of the thigh
149
What is the rounded head on the proximal end of the femur called
The ball part of the ball and socket hip joint
150
Where is the greater trochanter located on the femur
On the proximal end
151
What is the purpose of the greater trochanter process
It is the large process to which gluteal muscles attach
152
What are the distal articular surfaces of the femur called
Rounded medial and lateral condyle's
153
What is a trochlea
Smooth articular surface on the cranial surface of the distal end in which the patella rides on the femur
154
What is the patella
The kneecap
155
What is special about the patella
It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body
156
Where's the patella located
In the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle
157
What is the function of the patella
Passes down over the trochlea of the femur to insert into the tibial crest
158
What is a Fabellae
The medial and lateral fabellae are two small sesamoid bones in the proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
159
Where are the fabellae located
Just proximal to and caudal to the femoral condyles
160
What is the tibia
Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
161
What does the proximal end of the tibia form with the femur
The stifle joint
162
What does the distal end of the tibia form with the Tarsus
The hock joint
163
What do the concave tibial condyle's on the proximal end articulate with
The condyles of the femur
164
What is the tibial crest
A rigid bone that continues distantly from the tibial tuberosity
165
What is the medial malleolus
Medial facing rounded process on distal end of the tibia (knob on medial side)
166
What is a fibula
Thin but complete bone in dog and cat. Incomplete and horses and cattle, only proximal and distal end are present.
167
What is special about the fibula
Does not support significant weight.
168
What is the function of the fibula
Serves as muscle attachment site and helps form stable joint distally with Tarsus
169
What is lateral malleolus?
Laterally facing rounded process on distal end of the fibula (lateral knob on ankle)
170
What are the tarsal bones
The Tarsus and the hock. Located immediately distal to the tibia and fibula
171
What are the tarsal bones equivalent to
The human ankle
172
What do the tarsal bones consist of and how are they named
Two rows of short bones. Bones in the proximal row are named Large tibial tarsal and fibular tarsal and small central tarsal
173
What does the tibia tarsal bones trochlea articulate with
Distal end of the tibia to form the most movable part of the hock joint
174
What is the calcaneal tuberosity
Attachment site for the tendon of the large Gastrocnemius muscle and corresponds to our heel
175
How are the bones in the distal row numbered
From medial to lateral in a similar fashion to the distal row of carpal bones
176
What are metatarsal bones
Bones that extend distally from distal Row of tarsal bones to proximal phalange of digit
177
How many metatarsal bones do dogs and cats have and how are they numbered
Four metatarsal bones and they are numbered from medial to lateral
178
How many digits to dog and cat hind paws have and how are they numbered
Four digits numbered from medial to lateral
179
How many digits do ruminants have
Four digits
| Two support weight and two are nonweightbearing
180
What are joints
Joints are where bones connect with each other
181
What are the three types of joints
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints
182
What are fibrous joints
Also known as synarthroses
| Bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue and allow no movement
183
What is an example of a fibrous joint
Sutures uniting most of the skull bones
184
What is a cartilaginous joint
Also known as amphiarthroses
| United by fibrocartilage. Allow slight rocking movement
185
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint
Pelvic symphysis
186
What is a synovial joint
Also known as diarthroses
| Allow free movement
187
What are the characteristics of synovial joints
Smooth articular surfaces covered with smooth articular cartilage
Joint capsule surrounds joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
Ligaments may connect bones together
188
What do ligaments connect
Bones to bones
189
What did tendons connect
Muscles to bones
190
What are the types of synovial joints
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Ball and socket joint
191
Give an example of where you would find a hinge joint
Elbow, joints of digits
192
Give an example of where you would find a gliding joint
Carpus
193
Given example of where you would find a pivot joint
Atlantoaxial joint, the joint between C1 and C2 vertebrae
194
Given example of where you would find a ball and socket joint
Shoulder, hip
195
What movements are possible with a synovial joint
Flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction
196
What is flexion
Decreased angle between the bones
197
What is extension
Increased angle between the bones
198
What is adduction
Movement of an extremity toward the median plane, inward
199
What is abduction
Movement of an extremity away from the median plane, outward
200
What is rotation
Twisting, rotational movement
201
What is circumduction
Movement of an extremity so the distal end moves in a circle
