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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

Describe cancellous bone

A

Light and spongy

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1
Q

What are the two types of bones

A

Cancellous bone and compact bone

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2
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Heavy and dense

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3
Q

What are long bones

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide

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4
Q

What are the ends of long bones called

A

Epiphyses

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5
Q

What are Epiphyses

A

Cancellous bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone

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6
Q

What is the long part of a long bone called

A

Diaphysis

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7
Q

What is the diaphysis primarily composed of

A

Compact bone

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8
Q

What are growth plates composed of

A

Cartilage

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9
Q

What is the name of the growth plate in the long bone

A

Epiphyseal plates

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10
Q

Once an animal reaches his full-size what happens to the epiphyseal plates

A

They are replaced by solid bone through a process called ossification

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11
Q

What do short bones look like

A

Blocks

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12
Q

What are short bones composed of

A

An inner core of cancellous bone covered by thin layer of compact bone

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13
Q

What are the most common short bones on the body

A

Carpal and tarsal bones

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14
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Mostly flat and thin resembling a bone sandwich

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15
Q

Describe the structure of a flat bone

A

A central layer of cancellous bone covered on both sides by thin layers of compact bone

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16
Q

Where are flat bones often found

A

The pelvic bones and the scapula are flat bones

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17
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Odd shaped and don’t fit into any of the other bone categories

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18
Q

What are articular surfaces

A

Articular surfaces are smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with smooth surfaces of another bone to form a joint

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19
Q

What are articular surfaces covered with

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

What is a condyle

A

A usually large round articular surface

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21
Q

What bones have the most prominent condyles

A

The distal ends of the femur and humerus and the occipital bone

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22
Q

What are vertebrae considered

A

Irregular bone

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23
Q

What bone types does the skull contain

A

Flat bones and irregular bones

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24
Q

Where is the head of a bone found

A

At the proximal end of a long bone

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25
Q

How is the head joined to the rest of the bone

A

By a narrowed region called the neck

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26
Q

Describe the head of a bone

A

Mostly spherical in shape

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27
Q

What bones have heads

A

The proximal ends of the femur humerus and ribs

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28
Q

What is a facet

A

A facet is a flat articular surface

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29
Q

Where are facets found

A

It is found on carpal bones tarsal bones vertebrae and some long bones such as the radius and ulna

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30
Q

What are processes

A

Processes are the lumps and bumps on bones

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31
Q

What are condyles and heads on long bones considered

A

Processes but they have a specific articular function so they’re classified as articular surfaces

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32
Q

What is the processes on bones used for

A

Is the place where the tendons of muscles attach to the bone. larger processes are where more powerful muscles attach

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33
Q

What is the processes of the femur called

A

Trochanter

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34
Q

What is the processes of the humerus called

A

Tubercle

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35
Q

What is the processes of the ischium called

A

Tuber

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36
Q

What is the processes of the tibia called

A

Crest

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37
Q

What is the processes of the ulna called

A

Olecranon

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38
Q

What is the processes of the scapula called

A

Spine

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39
Q

What is the processes of the Atlas called

A

Wing

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40
Q

What are holes in bones called

A

Foramen

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41
Q

What is the purpose of a hole in the bone

A

It is a passageway for blood vessels or nerves to enter and leave the bone

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42
Q

What is a fossa

A

A fossa is a depressed sunken area on the surface of a bone

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43
Q

What are bone fossae usually occupied by

A

Muscles or tendons

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44
Q

What joint is formed when the femur fits into the socket of the Pelvis

A

Hip joint

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45
Q

What joint is formed when the head of the humerus goes into the glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Shoulder joint

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46
Q

What do the heads of the ribs articulate with

A

The thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column

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47
Q

What is the purpose of the foreman in the pelvic bone

A

To make the pelvic bone lighter

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48
Q

What is the axial skeleton composed of

A

The bones located on or near the central cranial-caudal axis of the body, the skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs, sternum

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49
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of

A

The main appendages of the body: thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs

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50
Q

What are the jagged immovable fibrous joints of the skull called

A

Sutures

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51
Q

What is the only freely movable joint of the skull

A

Temporomandibular joint

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52
Q

What bones are considered the external bones of the cranium

A

Occipital bone, interparietal bone, parietal bone, temporal bones, frontal bones

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53
Q

Describe the Occipital bone

A

Single bone that forms the base portion of the skull

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54
Q

What is the name of the large opening in the occipital bone

A

Foramen magnum

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55
Q

With what do the occipital condyles form a joint

A

The atlas

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56
Q

What is the Atlas

A

The first cervical vertebra

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57
Q

What are the interparietal bones

A

Two small bones in the dorsal midline between the occipital bone and the parietal bone

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58
Q

What are the parietal bones

A

Two bones that form the dorsolateral portion of the cranium

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59
Q

What are the Temporal bones

A

Two bones that form the ventrolateral portion of the cranium

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60
Q

What do the Temporal bones contain

A

The middle and inner ear structures

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61
Q

What joint do the Temporal bones form with the mandible

A

Temporomandibular joint

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62
Q

What are the frontal bones

A

Two bones that form the forehead part of the skull

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63
Q

What do the frontal bones contain

A

Large frontal sinuses

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64
Q

What do the frontal bones form

A

The rostral lateral part of the cranium and part of the orbit of the eye

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65
Q

In horned animals where does the horn develop

A

Around the cornual processes of the frontal bone

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66
Q

What bones are considered external bones of the face

A

Incisive bones, nasal bones, maxillary bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, mandible

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67
Q

What are incisive bones

A

Two bones that are the most rostral skull bones

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68
Q

What do the incisive bones house in most animals

A

Upper incisor teeth

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69
Q

What are nasal bones

A

Two bones that form the bridge of the nose- the dorsal part of the nasal cavity

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70
Q

What are the maxillary bones

A

Two bones that make up most of the upper jaw

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71
Q

What do the maxillary bones house

A

Upper canine teeth and upper premolar and molar teeth

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72
Q

What do the maxillary bones contain

A

The maxillary sinuses

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73
Q

What are the lacrimal bones

A

Two small bones that form part of the orbit of the eye

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74
Q

What do lacrimal bones contain

A

The lacrimal sacs

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75
Q

What are the lacrimal sacs

A

Part of the year drainage system

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76
Q

What are the zygomatic bones

A

Cheekbones. Two bones that form a portion of the orbit of the eye and a portion of the zygomatic arch

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77
Q

What is the mandible

A

Lower job. Two bones united rostrally by mandibular symphysis in dogs, cats, cattle

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78
Q

In what species is the mandible one solid bone

A

Swine and horses

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79
Q

What is the shaft of the mandible

A

Horizontal part that houses all lower teeth

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80
Q

What is a turbinate

A

Thin, scroll like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavities

81
Q

What is the function of turbinate

A

Condition inhaled air

82
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone and where is it located

A

It attaches to the Temporal bones and supports the base of the tongue, the pharynx, larynx

83
Q

What is the spinal column made up of

A

Series of irregular bones called vertebrae that extend from the skull to the top of the tail

84
Q

What does a typical vertebra consist of

A

A ventral body, a dorsal arch, and a group of processes

85
Q

How are the bodies of adjacent vertebrae separated

A

By cartilaginous intervertebral discs

86
Q

What are the three kinds of processes commonly found on vertebrae

A

A single spinous process that projects dorsally, two transverse processes that project laterally, and articular processes on the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebra

87
Q

What are the five regions vertebrae are grouped into

A

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, coccygeal vertebrae

88
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae called

A

The Atlas

89
Q

What does the atlas form a joint with

A

The Occipital bone

90
Q

What is the second cervical vertebrae called

A

The axis

91
Q

What is the number of thoracic vertebrae equal to

A

The number of pairs of ribs the animal has

92
Q

Where are the cervical vertebrae found

A

In the neck region

93
Q

Where are the thoracic vertebrae found

A

In the chest region

94
Q

Where are the lumbar vertebrae found

A

In the abdomen region

95
Q

Where are the sacral vertebrae found

A

In the pelvis region

96
Q

Where are the coccygeal vertebrae found

A

In the tail region

97
Q

What is special about the sacral vertebrae

A

They are fused into a single solid structure called the sacrum. the sacrum forms a joint with the ilium of the pelvis.

98
Q

What are ribs

A

Ribs are flat bones that form the lateral sides of the thorax

99
Q

What do ribs articulate with

A

The thoracic vertebrae dorsally

100
Q

What is the ventral part of the rib composed of

A

Costal cartilage

101
Q

What is the sternum made up of

A

Bones called the sternabrae

102
Q

What is the first sternabra called

A

The manubrium

103
Q

What is the last sternabra called

A

Xiphoid

104
Q

What are the thoracic limbs

A

The front legs

105
Q

What is special about the thoracic limbs

A

In common domestic animals it has no bony connection to the axial skeleton

106
Q

How is the thoracic limb connected to the axial skeleton

A

Buy a sling like arrangement of muscles and tendons

107
Q

From proximal to distal end name the bones of the thoracic limb

A

Scapula, humorous, radius and ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges

108
Q

What is the point at which the bony part of the rib meets the cartilaginous part of the rib called

A

Costochondral junction

109
Q

What is the scapula and describe its shape

A

It is the shoulder blade. It is flat and somewhat triangular in shape. Has a spine like ridge that projects laterally

110
Q

What is the name of the socket part of the ball and socket shoulder joint

A

Glenoid cavity

111
Q

What joins the glenoid cavity to the main part of the scapula bone

A

The neck

112
Q

What is a brachium

A

The upper arm

113
Q

What is a humerus

A

Long bone of the brachium

114
Q

What is the rounded head on the proximal end of the humerus part of

A

The ball part of the ball and socket shoulder joint

115
Q

What joins the head of the humerus to the shaft of the humerus

A

The neck

116
Q

To which large process on the humerus do the shoulder muscles attach

A

The greater tubercle on the proximal end of the humerus

117
Q

What is the distal articular surface of the humerus collectively called? What is the medial part and lateral part called?

A

Condyle. The medial part is the trochlea and the lateral part is the capitulum

118
Q

What is the name of the indentation on the caudal surface just proximal to the condyle on the humerus

A

The olecranon fossa

119
Q

What is the ulna

A

The long bone of the antebrachium

120
Q

What is the antebrachium

A

The forearm

121
Q

What is the purpose of the large olecranon process on the proximal end of the ulna

A

Attachment site for triceps brachii muscle

122
Q

What is the trochlear notch

A

Articular surface that wraps around the trochlea of the humeral condyle to make the elbow joint a tight secure joint

123
Q

What is the radius

A

The main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium

124
Q

What does the head on the proximal end of the radius articulate with

A

The capitulum of the humeral condyle to form part of the elbow joint

125
Q

What does the neck on proximal end of the radius connect to

A

Next the head with the shaft of the bone

126
Q

What does the styloid process on the distal end of the radius articulate with

A

The carpus

127
Q

Where are the carpal bones located

A

Located immediately distal to the radius and the ulna

128
Q

What do the carpal bones consist of

A

Two parallel rows of short bones

129
Q

What are the carpal bones in the proximal row named

A

Radial carpal, ulnar carpal, accessory carpal and sometimes intermediate carpal

130
Q

What are the metacarpal bones

A

They extend distally from distal row of carpal bones to proximal phalange of digit

131
Q

How many metacarpal bones do dogs and cats have and how do you number them

A

Five. Number from medial (being number one) to lateral (being number five)

132
Q

What is the large metacarpal bone in ruminants called. And what is it Made of

A

The cannon bone. It is formed from two fused bones, metacarpal number three and four

133
Q

What are the phalanges

A

Individual bones that make up toes

134
Q

What is digit number one called and how many phalanges does it have

A

Is commonly called dewclaw and has two phalanges, proximal and distal

135
Q

How many phalanges does digit 2-4 contain

A

Contains three phalanges, proximal middle and distal

136
Q

What are the pelvic limbs

A

The hind legs

137
Q

How is the pelvic limb connected to the axial skeleton

A

Through the sacroiliac joint that unites the ilium of the pelvis with the sacrum of the spinal column

138
Q

From proximal to distal list the bones of the pelvic limb

A

Pelvis, femur, tibia and fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges

139
Q

How is the pelvis formed

A

From three separate bones, Ilium, ischium and pubis on each side that eventually fuse into a solid structure

140
Q

What are the names of the separate bones of the pelvis used to indicate

A

The main regions of the pelvis

141
Q

What is the ilium

A

The cranial most area of the pelvis

142
Q

What is the ischium

A

The caudal most area of the pelvis

143
Q

What is the pubis, where is it located, and what does it form

A

Pubis is located medially and forms the cranial part of the pelvic floor

144
Q

What forms the caudal part of the pelvic floor

A

The ischium

145
Q

What receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint

A

The concave acetabulum on lateral surface

146
Q

How are the two halves of the pelvis joined ventrally

A

By a cartilaginous joint, the pelvic symphysis

147
Q

What are the obturator foramina?

A

Two large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that serve to lighten the pelvis

148
Q

What is a femur

A

The long bones of the thigh

149
Q

What is the rounded head on the proximal end of the femur called

A

The ball part of the ball and socket hip joint

150
Q

Where is the greater trochanter located on the femur

A

On the proximal end

151
Q

What is the purpose of the greater trochanter process

A

It is the large process to which gluteal muscles attach

152
Q

What are the distal articular surfaces of the femur called

A

Rounded medial and lateral condyle’s

153
Q

What is a trochlea

A

Smooth articular surface on the cranial surface of the distal end in which the patella rides on the femur

154
Q

What is the patella

A

The kneecap

155
Q

What is special about the patella

A

It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body

156
Q

Where’s the patella located

A

In the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle

157
Q

What is the function of the patella

A

Passes down over the trochlea of the femur to insert into the tibial crest

158
Q

What is a Fabellae

A

The medial and lateral fabellae are two small sesamoid bones in the proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats

159
Q

Where are the fabellae located

A

Just proximal to and caudal to the femoral condyles

160
Q

What is the tibia

A

Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

161
Q

What does the proximal end of the tibia form with the femur

A

The stifle joint

162
Q

What does the distal end of the tibia form with the Tarsus

A

The hock joint

163
Q

What do the concave tibial condyle’s on the proximal end articulate with

A

The condyles of the femur

164
Q

What is the tibial crest

A

A rigid bone that continues distantly from the tibial tuberosity

165
Q

What is the medial malleolus

A

Medial facing rounded process on distal end of the tibia (knob on medial side)

166
Q

What is a fibula

A

Thin but complete bone in dog and cat. Incomplete and horses and cattle, only proximal and distal end are present.

167
Q

What is special about the fibula

A

Does not support significant weight.

168
Q

What is the function of the fibula

A

Serves as muscle attachment site and helps form stable joint distally with Tarsus

169
Q

What is lateral malleolus?

A

Laterally facing rounded process on distal end of the fibula (lateral knob on ankle)

170
Q

What are the tarsal bones

A

The Tarsus and the hock. Located immediately distal to the tibia and fibula

171
Q

What are the tarsal bones equivalent to

A

The human ankle

172
Q

What do the tarsal bones consist of and how are they named

A

Two rows of short bones. Bones in the proximal row are named Large tibial tarsal and fibular tarsal and small central tarsal

173
Q

What does the tibia tarsal bones trochlea articulate with

A

Distal end of the tibia to form the most movable part of the hock joint

174
Q

What is the calcaneal tuberosity

A

Attachment site for the tendon of the large Gastrocnemius muscle and corresponds to our heel

175
Q

How are the bones in the distal row numbered

A

From medial to lateral in a similar fashion to the distal row of carpal bones

176
Q

What are metatarsal bones

A

Bones that extend distally from distal Row of tarsal bones to proximal phalange of digit

177
Q

How many metatarsal bones do dogs and cats have and how are they numbered

A

Four metatarsal bones and they are numbered from medial to lateral

178
Q

How many digits to dog and cat hind paws have and how are they numbered

A

Four digits numbered from medial to lateral

179
Q

How many digits do ruminants have

A

Four digits

Two support weight and two are nonweightbearing

180
Q

What are joints

A

Joints are where bones connect with each other

181
Q

What are the three types of joints

A

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints

182
Q

What are fibrous joints

A

Also known as synarthroses

Bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue and allow no movement

183
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint

A

Sutures uniting most of the skull bones

184
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint

A

Also known as amphiarthroses

United by fibrocartilage. Allow slight rocking movement

185
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

Pelvic symphysis

186
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

Also known as diarthroses

Allow free movement

187
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints

A

Smooth articular surfaces covered with smooth articular cartilage
Joint capsule surrounds joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
Ligaments may connect bones together

188
Q

What do ligaments connect

A

Bones to bones

189
Q

What did tendons connect

A

Muscles to bones

190
Q

What are the types of synovial joints

A

Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Ball and socket joint

191
Q

Give an example of where you would find a hinge joint

A

Elbow, joints of digits

192
Q

Give an example of where you would find a gliding joint

A

Carpus

193
Q

Given example of where you would find a pivot joint

A

Atlantoaxial joint, the joint between C1 and C2 vertebrae

194
Q

Given example of where you would find a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder, hip

195
Q

What movements are possible with a synovial joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction

196
Q

What is flexion

A

Decreased angle between the bones

197
Q

What is extension

A

Increased angle between the bones

198
Q

What is adduction

A

Movement of an extremity toward the median plane, inward

199
Q

What is abduction

A

Movement of an extremity away from the median plane, outward

200
Q

What is rotation

A

Twisting, rotational movement

201
Q

What is circumduction

A

Movement of an extremity so the distal end moves in a circle

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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