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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the characteristics specific to the epidermis

A

Primary cellular
Keratinized stratified epithelium
Vascular
Separated from dermis by basement membrane

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1
Q

What are the three layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

What are skins specific characteristics

A

Largest organ
Covers external surface of body
Composed of all 4 tissue types

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3
Q

What are the characteristics specific to the dermis

A

Has projections: dermal papillae
Vascularized
Contains muscle and nervous tissue

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4
Q

What are the characteristics specific to the hypodermis

A

Composed mostly of adipose tissue

Vascularized

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5
Q

What is skin composed of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What is specific about stratified squamous epithelium

A 
Contains keratinocytes
Dominant cell type in epidermis
Produces keratin
Along basement membrane
Basal layer divides by mitosis
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7
Q

How do cells become Keratinized

A

Lose nucleus, organelles, flatten and die

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8
Q

What are melanocytes

A

Produce keratin = dark pigment
Have octopus like projections
Melanin is released and absorbed by keratinocytes

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9
Q

What is a langerhans cells

A 
Macrophage specific to epidermis
Wander through epidermis
Phagocytizes pathogens
Stimulates immune system
Formed in bone marrow and migrate to skin via blood
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10
Q

What is a merkel cell

A

Epithelial cells found at base of epidermis

Associated with sensory nerve endings

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11
Q

What type of cells cause skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Basal cell sarcoma

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12
Q

What is specific about squamous cell carcinoma

A

Found in areas most exposed to u.v.
Aggressive locally - forms lesions
Spreads rapidly to lymph nodes:deadly

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13
Q

What is specific about malignant melanoma in horses

A

Very common in Greta
Start as nodules on ears,perianal area
Later ulcerate and spread to rest of body

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14
Q

What is specific about malignant melanoma in dogs

A

Oral cavity is the most common location and it is the most malignant

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15
Q

What is specific about basal cell tumours

A 
Affect basal layer
Nodular masses beneath skin
Usually benign and don't spread
More common in cats than dogs
Found in head + neck region
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16
Q

What is the first layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum basale:
Single row of keratinocytes on top of basement membrane
Actively dividing
Newly forming cells are pushed upwards

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17
Q

What is the second layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum spinosum:
Several rows of keratinocytes
Cell layers held together by desmosomes
Projections of melanocytes reach into this layer

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18
Q

What is the third layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum granulosum:

2-4 rows of cells; flattened-diamond shaped keratinocytes

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19
Q

What is the fourth layer of epidermis and specific characteristics of it

A

Stratum lucidum:
Found only in thick skin
Few layers of Keratinized dead cells

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20
Q

What is the fifth layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum corneum:
Outermost layer
Majority of epidermis thickness
20-30 rows of dead, flattened keratinocytes

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21
Q

What is specific about the dermis?

A

Provides structural strength to skin
Hide of animal used to make leather
Contain large amount of fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
Cells: fibroblasts

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22
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis:

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

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23
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A

Thin, superficial layer
Below basement membrane
Composed to Areolar connective tissue ** ground substance? Hyaluronic acid

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24
Q

WhAt is special about the papillary layer

A

Often has papillae rising up into epidermis and has sensory neurons

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25
Q

Describe the reticular layer

A

Thick, deep layer
Composed 80% of dermis
Composed of dense irregular connective tissue

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26
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Thick layer below dermis
Composed of Areolar and adipose tissue
Contains mostly elastic fibers
Has pacinan corpuscles

27
Q

Why is the hypodermis special?

A

Location of subcutaneous injections

28
Q

What is particular about pigmentation

A

Presence of melanin in keratinocytes
Formed and released in melanosomes
Controlled by hormones of pituitary gland
**ultimately controlled by genetics

29
Q

What are melanosomes

A

Sac where melanin is stores

30
Q

What are paw pads and what is distinct about them?

A

Toughest and thickest skin on body
Protect against abrasion etc
Shock absorbers
5 layers of epidermis +collagen and elastin
Stratum corneum has papillae which provide traction
Contains sweat glands

31
Q

What is a planum nasale

A

Thin hairless region on nose
3 epidermis layers
No glands in cats and dogs

32
Q

What are chestnuts

A

Found in equines
Soft horn like structures
Vestigial structures
Located on medial surface of carpus/tarsus

33
Q

Where are ergots found

A

Located on palmar/plantar surface of fetlock

34
Q

What is hair?

A

Mammalian characteristic
Keratinized structure made by hair follicles
Composed of dead cells: with or without pigment

35
Q

What is the function of hair

A

Thermoregulation, camouflage, sensory

36
Q

Where is hair usually thickest

A

Dorsal and lateral surfaces of body

37
Q

What is a common problem associated with hairless animals

A

Difficulty with thermoregulation and skin cancer

38
Q

Describe the structure of hair

A

Shaft: part of hair where keratinization is complete
Root: keratinization occurring in epidermal cells

39
Q

Describe a hair follicle

A

Tube like structure through dermis
Hair bulb: invaginated by dermal cells called hair papilla - contains capillaries
Matrix: rapidly dividing epithelial cells covering hair papilla

40
Q

What are the three layers of coat

A
  • primary hairs
  • secondary Hairs
  • tactile hairs
41
Q

Describe primary Hairs

A

Thicker longer “topcoat”

42
Q

Describe secondary hairs

A

Softer, shorter, wooly “undercoat”

43
Q

Describe tactile hairs

A

Ex: vibrissae

Sensory cells at base

44
Q

What is the growth cycle of a hair

A

Anagen ➡️ early catagen ➡️ catagen ➡️ telogen ➡️ early anagen➡️ anagen

45
Q

What are the three things shedding is determined by

A

Environment, hormones, genetics

46
Q

How is shedding determined by environment:

A

Most outdoor lets usually shed undercoat in spring and fall

47
Q

How is shedding determined by hormones

A

Bitches sometimes have a large hair loss after welping

48
Q

How is shedding determined by genetics

A

Non shedding breeds have a very long anagen phase

49
Q

What 3 things are hair composed of

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

50
Q

What is a medulla?

A

Central core with loosely arranged cells in air or fluid; contain flexible, pigmented keratin

51
Q

What is a cortex

A

Thickest layer of hair; contains pigmented keratin

52
Q

What is a cuticle (hair)

A

Single layer of squamous cells; hard keratin

53
Q

What is coat color due to?

A

1-2 types of melanin in varying amounts

54
Q

What are the 5 gland types of the skin

A 
Sebaceous
Sweat 
Tail glands
Anal sacs 
Musk glands
55
Q

Describe sebaceous glands

A

Found all over body except pawpaws, planum nasale
Simple or branched Areolar shape
Produces and releases sebum into hair follicle

56
Q

Describe sweat glands

A

Assist in evaporative cooling of body, defensive properties to protect skin
Coiled tubular shape
Located in dermis/hypodermis
Contains both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

57
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands do

A

Releases onto surface: found on paw pads

58
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands do

A

Release into hair follicle

59
Q

What are musk glands

A

Produce and release musk

Used in perfumes until modern times

60
Q

What are tail glands

A

Located on dorsal surface of tail in dogs and cats
Area contains large sebaceous glands: contains pheromones
Used for identification
Affected by hormones

61
Q

What are anal glands (sacs)

A

Located and 5 and 7 position inside anus
Contain sebaceous glands producing secretions with a strong odor.
Used in identification and marking of feces
Can become clogged

62
Q

What are horns

A

Keratinized horny sheath covers bony processes of skull
Grows continuously and is not shed
Usually removed when the animal is young

63
Q

What are claws

A

Keratinized covering of the distal phalynx
Cannot be removed thus requires amputation
RetrActable in felines

64
Q

What are dewclaws

A

Remains of digits

65
Q

What are hooves and what are hooved animals called

A

Ungulates

66
Q

What is laminitis

A

Inflammation of lamina
Tissues cannot expand due to hoove wall
Compresses lamina, decreased blood flow, lamina does and pulls away from the hoof wall.
In severe cases p3 can penetrate the bottom of hoof

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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