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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the characteristics specific to the epidermis

A

Primary cellular
Keratinized stratified epithelium
Vascular
Separated from dermis by basement membrane

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1
Q

What are the three layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

What are skins specific characteristics

A

Largest organ
Covers external surface of body
Composed of all 4 tissue types

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3
Q

What are the characteristics specific to the dermis

A

Has projections: dermal papillae
Vascularized
Contains muscle and nervous tissue

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4
Q

What are the characteristics specific to the hypodermis

A

Composed mostly of adipose tissue

Vascularized

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5
Q

What is skin composed of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What is specific about stratified squamous epithelium

A 
Contains keratinocytes
Dominant cell type in epidermis
Produces keratin
Along basement membrane
Basal layer divides by mitosis
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7
Q

How do cells become Keratinized

A

Lose nucleus, organelles, flatten and die

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8
Q

What are melanocytes

A

Produce keratin = dark pigment
Have octopus like projections
Melanin is released and absorbed by keratinocytes

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9
Q

What is a langerhans cells

A 
Macrophage specific to epidermis
Wander through epidermis
Phagocytizes pathogens
Stimulates immune system
Formed in bone marrow and migrate to skin via blood
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10
Q

What is a merkel cell

A

Epithelial cells found at base of epidermis

Associated with sensory nerve endings

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11
Q

What type of cells cause skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Basal cell sarcoma

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12
Q

What is specific about squamous cell carcinoma

A

Found in areas most exposed to u.v.
Aggressive locally - forms lesions
Spreads rapidly to lymph nodes:deadly

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13
Q

What is specific about malignant melanoma in horses

A

Very common in Greta
Start as nodules on ears,perianal area
Later ulcerate and spread to rest of body

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14
Q

What is specific about malignant melanoma in dogs

A

Oral cavity is the most common location and it is the most malignant

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15
Q

What is specific about basal cell tumours

A 
Affect basal layer
Nodular masses beneath skin
Usually benign and don't spread
More common in cats than dogs
Found in head + neck region
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16
Q

What is the first layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum basale:
Single row of keratinocytes on top of basement membrane
Actively dividing
Newly forming cells are pushed upwards

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17
Q

What is the second layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum spinosum:
Several rows of keratinocytes
Cell layers held together by desmosomes
Projections of melanocytes reach into this layer

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18
Q

What is the third layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum granulosum:

2-4 rows of cells; flattened-diamond shaped keratinocytes

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19
Q

What is the fourth layer of epidermis and specific characteristics of it

A

Stratum lucidum:
Found only in thick skin
Few layers of Keratinized dead cells

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20
Q

What is the fifth layer of epidermis and what is specific about it

A

Stratum corneum:
Outermost layer
Majority of epidermis thickness
20-30 rows of dead, flattened keratinocytes

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21
Q

What is specific about the dermis?

A

Provides structural strength to skin
Hide of animal used to make leather
Contain large amount of fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
Cells: fibroblasts

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22
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis:

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

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23
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A

Thin, superficial layer
Below basement membrane
Composed to Areolar connective tissue ** ground substance? Hyaluronic acid

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24
WhAt is special about the papillary layer
Often has papillae rising up into epidermis and has sensory neurons
25
Describe the reticular layer
Thick, deep layer Composed 80% of dermis Composed of dense irregular connective tissue
26
Describe the hypodermis
Thick layer below dermis Composed of Areolar and adipose tissue Contains mostly elastic fibers Has pacinan corpuscles
27
Why is the hypodermis special?
Location of subcutaneous injections
28
What is particular about pigmentation
Presence of melanin in keratinocytes Formed and released in melanosomes Controlled by hormones of pituitary gland ****ultimately controlled by genetics
29
What are melanosomes
Sac where melanin is stores
30
What are paw pads and what is distinct about them?
Toughest and thickest skin on body Protect against abrasion etc Shock absorbers 5 layers of epidermis +collagen and elastin Stratum corneum has papillae which provide traction Contains sweat glands
31
What is a planum nasale
Thin hairless region on nose 3 epidermis layers No glands in cats and dogs
32
What are chestnuts
Found in equines Soft horn like structures Vestigial structures Located on medial surface of carpus/tarsus
33
Where are ergots found
Located on palmar/plantar surface of fetlock
34
What is hair?
Mammalian characteristic Keratinized structure made by hair follicles Composed of dead cells: with or without pigment
35
What is the function of hair
Thermoregulation, camouflage, sensory
36
Where is hair usually thickest
Dorsal and lateral surfaces of body
37
What is a common problem associated with hairless animals
Difficulty with thermoregulation and skin cancer
38
Describe the structure of hair
Shaft: part of hair where keratinization is complete Root: keratinization occurring in epidermal cells
39
Describe a hair follicle
Tube like structure through dermis Hair bulb: invaginated by dermal cells called hair papilla - contains capillaries Matrix: rapidly dividing epithelial cells covering hair papilla
40
What are the three layers of coat
* primary hairs * secondary Hairs * tactile hairs
41
Describe primary Hairs
Thicker longer "topcoat"
42
Describe secondary hairs
Softer, shorter, wooly "undercoat"
43
Describe tactile hairs
Ex: vibrissae | Sensory cells at base
44
What is the growth cycle of a hair
Anagen ➡️ early catagen ➡️ catagen ➡️ telogen ➡️ early anagen➡️ anagen
45
What are the three things shedding is determined by
Environment, hormones, genetics
46
How is shedding determined by environment:
Most outdoor lets usually shed undercoat in spring and fall
47
How is shedding determined by hormones
Bitches sometimes have a large hair loss after welping
48
How is shedding determined by genetics
Non shedding breeds have a very long anagen phase
49
What 3 things are hair composed of
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
50
What is a medulla?
Central core with loosely arranged cells in air or fluid; contain flexible, pigmented keratin
51
What is a cortex
Thickest layer of hair; contains pigmented keratin
52
What is a cuticle (hair)
Single layer of squamous cells; hard keratin
53
What is coat color due to?
1-2 types of melanin in varying amounts
54
What are the 5 gland types of the skin
``` Sebaceous Sweat Tail glands Anal sacs Musk glands ```
55
Describe sebaceous glands
Found all over body except pawpaws, planum nasale Simple or branched Areolar shape Produces and releases sebum into hair follicle
56
Describe sweat glands
Assist in evaporative cooling of body, defensive properties to protect skin Coiled tubular shape Located in dermis/hypodermis Contains both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
57
What do eccrine sweat glands do
Releases onto surface: found on paw pads
58
What do apocrine sweat glands do
Release into hair follicle
59
What are musk glands
Produce and release musk | Used in perfumes until modern times
60
What are tail glands
Located on dorsal surface of tail in dogs and cats Area contains large sebaceous glands: contains pheromones Used for identification Affected by hormones
61
What are anal glands (sacs)
Located and 5 and 7 position inside anus Contain sebaceous glands producing secretions with a strong odor. Used in identification and marking of feces Can become clogged
62
What are horns
Keratinized horny sheath covers bony processes of skull Grows continuously and is not shed Usually removed when the animal is young
63
What are claws
Keratinized covering of the distal phalynx Cannot be removed thus requires amputation RetrActable in felines
64
What are dewclaws
Remains of digits
65
What are hooves and what are hooved animals called
Ungulates
66
What is laminitis
Inflammation of lamina Tissues cannot expand due to hoove wall Compresses lamina, decreased blood flow, lamina does and pulls away from the hoof wall. In severe cases p3 can penetrate the bottom of hoof

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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