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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 7 review pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 review pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

calcification is also known as

A

mineralization

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2
Q

mineralization is the

A

deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals

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3
Q

what precipitates from crystals in mineralization

A

calcium and phosphate

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4
Q

mineralization/calcification requires

A

vitamin D, vitamin C (for collagen formation), and calcium and phosphate

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5
Q

compact bone is composed of small cylindircal structures known as

A

osteons

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6
Q

osteon components (7)

A

central/haversian canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi, perforating canals, interstitial lamellae, circumfererntial lamellae

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7
Q

central canal

A

Cylindrical channel at center of osteon and parallel to it

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8
Q

Blood vessels and nerves extend through channel

A

central canal

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9
Q

concentric lemallae are rings of connective tissue that surround

A

central canal

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10
Q

osteocytes found in small pockets called

A

lacunae

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11
Q

osteocytes maintain cell

A

matric

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12
Q

Canaliculi are

A

tiny interconnecting channels within bone CT

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13
Q

caniculi also allow for an exchange of

A

nutrients and minerals

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13
Q

what * House osteocyte projections that allow intercellular contact

A

caniculi

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13
Q

caniculi extend from

A

Extend from each lacuna, travel through lamellae and connect to
lacunae and central canal

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14
Q

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

A

these are Perpendicular to central canals

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15
Q

what do perforating canals do

A

Connect central canals within different osteons

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16
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

runs the entire circumference of the bone

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17
Q

what 2 types of circumferential lamellae are there

A

internal and external

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18
Q

external Circumferential

A

runs along periosteum

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19
Q

internal Circumferential

A

runs along endosteum

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20
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Components of compact bone between osteons or partially
resorbed osteons

21
Q

lamellae

A

extracellular matric that is highly calcified

22
Q

structure of hyaline cartilage

A

chondroblasts, chondrocytes, perichodrium

23
Q

chondrocytes occupy

A

lacunae

23
Q

chondroblasts

A

produce cartilage matrix

23
Q

chondrocytes are chondroblasts encased within the

A

matrix

23
Q

chondrocytes maintain

A

matrix

23
Q

perichondrium is made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

24
Q

what coveres hyaline cartilage and helps maintain shape

A

perichondrium

25
Q

ossification/osteogenesis

A

formation and development of bone connective tissue

26
Q

where does osteongenesis/ossification start____ and where does it end___

A

embryo, childhood/adolescense

27
Q

in the 8-12 weeks of embryotic development what foprms

A

skeleton

28
Q

where does skeleton form from

A

intramembraneous ossification/endochondrial ossification

29
Q

intramembraneous ossifiation produces what bones

A

facial bones ,flat bones. mandible, clavicle

30
Q

intramembraneous ossification has bone growth from

A

membrane

31
Q

endochondral ossification starts with

A

hyaline cartilage model

32
Q

what ossification produces the most bones of skeleton

A

endochondral ossification

33
Q

endohondral ossification bones made examples

A

upper, and lower limbes, pelvis, vertebrate

34
Q

epiphyseal plate made of

A

hyaline cartilage

35
Q

blood calcium levels regulated by 2 hormones

A

calcitriol, calcitonin and parathyroud

36
Q

regulating blood calcium levels is required for

A

muscle contraction, bood clotting, exocytosis

37
Q

vitamin D conversion summary

A

we get inactive form of vitamin d from sun, calcitriol turns vitamin d into active form,

38
Q

Vitamin D conversion in debt

A

UV Light Activation: UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol),
released into the bloodstream.

Dietary Absorption: Vitamin D3 is also absorbed from the diet in the small intestine.

Liver Conversion: Vitamin D3 is converted to calcidiol by liver enzymes, occurring continuously.

Kidney Conversion: Calcidiol is converted to calcitriol by kidney enzymes, with PTH increasing this rate.

Calcium Absorption: Calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption from the small intestine into the blood.

39
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by

A

parathyroid glands

40
Q

parathyroid glands release PTh as a result of

A

reduced blood calcium levels

41
Q

parathyroid hormone and calcitrol interact with major organs such as

A

bone, kidneys, and small inteestines

42
Q

calcitonin inhibits

A

osteoclast activity

43
Q

calcitonin also aids in

A

regulating blood calcium

44
Q

calcitonic is released from

A

thyroid gland

45
Q

parathyroid hormone helps ______bone and calcitonic ________ of bone

A

breakdown, stop breakdown

46
Q

osteopenia is the

A

precursor of osteoporosis

46
Q

osteoporosis

A

deminirilzation of body. osteoclast is hight. osteoblasts is low

47
Q

osteopenia occurs in ages of

A

35-40

anatomy and physiology (17 decks)

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