Chapter 7 review pt 2

Question 1

calcification is also known as

Answer 1

mineralization

Question 2

mineralization is the

Answer 2

deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 3

what precipitates from crystals in mineralization

Answer 3

calcium and phosphate

Question 4

mineralization/calcification requires

Answer 4

vitamin D, vitamin C (for collagen formation), and calcium and phosphate

Question 5

compact bone is composed of small cylindircal structures known as

Answer 5

osteons

Question 6

osteon components (7)

Answer 6

central/haversian canal, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi, perforating canals, interstitial lamellae, circumfererntial lamellae

Question 7

central canal

Answer 7

Cylindrical channel at center of osteon and parallel to it

Question 8

Blood vessels and nerves extend through channel

Answer 8

central canal

Question 9

concentric lemallae are rings of connective tissue that surround

Answer 9

central canal

Question 10

osteocytes found in small pockets called

Answer 10

lacunae

Question 11

osteocytes maintain cell

Answer 11

matric

Question 12

Canaliculi are

Answer 12

tiny interconnecting channels within bone CT

Question 13

caniculi also allow for an exchange of

Answer 13

nutrients and minerals

Question 13

what * House osteocyte projections that allow intercellular contact

Answer 13

caniculi

Question 13

caniculi extend from

Answer 13

Extend from each lacuna, travel through lamellae and connect to
lacunae and central canal

Question 14

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

Answer 14

these are Perpendicular to central canals

Question 15

what do perforating canals do

Answer 15

Connect central canals within different osteons

Question 16

Circumferential lamellae

Answer 16

runs the entire circumference of the bone

Question 17

what 2 types of circumferential lamellae are there

Answer 17

internal and external

Question 18

external Circumferential

Answer 18

runs along periosteum

Question 19

internal Circumferential

Answer 19

runs along endosteum

Question 20

Interstitial lamellae

Answer 20

Components of compact bone between osteons or partially
resorbed osteons

Question 21

lamellae

Answer 21

extracellular matric that is highly calcified

Question 22

structure of hyaline cartilage

Answer 22

chondroblasts, chondrocytes, perichodrium

Question 23

chondrocytes occupy

Answer 23

lacunae

Question 23

chondroblasts

Answer 23

produce cartilage matrix

Question 23

chondrocytes are chondroblasts encased within the

Answer 23

matrix

Question 23

chondrocytes maintain

Answer 23

matrix

Question 23

perichondrium is made of

Answer 23

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 24

what coveres hyaline cartilage and helps maintain shape

Answer 24

perichondrium

Question 25

ossification/osteogenesis

Answer 25

formation and development of bone connective tissue

Question 26

where does osteongenesis/ossification start____ and where does it end___

Answer 26

embryo, childhood/adolescense

Question 27

in the 8-12 weeks of embryotic development what foprms

Answer 27

skeleton

Question 28

where does skeleton form from

Answer 28

intramembraneous ossification/endochondrial ossification

Question 29

intramembraneous ossifiation produces what bones

Answer 29

facial bones ,flat bones. mandible, clavicle

Question 30

intramembraneous ossification has bone growth from

Answer 30

membrane

Question 31

endochondral ossification starts with

Answer 31

hyaline cartilage model

Question 32

what ossification produces the most bones of skeleton

Answer 32

endochondral ossification

Question 33

endohondral ossification bones made examples

Answer 33

upper, and lower limbes, pelvis, vertebrate

Question 34

epiphyseal plate made of

Answer 34

hyaline cartilage

Question 35

blood calcium levels regulated by 2 hormones

Answer 35

calcitriol, calcitonin and parathyroud

Question 36

regulating blood calcium levels is required for

Answer 36

muscle contraction, bood clotting, exocytosis

Question 37

vitamin D conversion summary

Answer 37

we get inactive form of vitamin d from sun, calcitriol turns vitamin d into active form,

Question 38

Vitamin D conversion in debt

Answer 38

UV Light Activation: UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), released into the bloodstream. Dietary Absorption: Vitamin D3 is also absorbed from the diet in the small intestine. Liver Conversion: Vitamin D3 is converted to calcidiol by liver enzymes, occurring continuously. Kidney Conversion: Calcidiol is converted to calcitriol by kidney enzymes, with PTH increasing this rate. Calcium Absorption: Calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption from the small intestine into the blood.

Question 39

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by

Answer 39

parathyroid glands

Question 40

parathyroid glands release PTh as a result of

Answer 40

reduced blood calcium levels

Question 41

parathyroid hormone and calcitrol interact with major organs such as

Answer 41

bone, kidneys, and small inteestines

Question 42

calcitonin inhibits

Answer 42

osteoclast activity

Question 43

calcitonin also aids in

Answer 43

regulating blood calcium

Question 44

calcitonic is released from

Answer 44

thyroid gland

Question 45

parathyroid hormone helps ______bone and calcitonic ________ of bone

Answer 45

breakdown, stop breakdown

Question 46

osteopenia is the

Answer 46

precursor of osteoporosis

Question 46

osteoporosis

Answer 46

deminirilzation of body. osteoclast is hight. osteoblasts is low

Question 47

osteopenia occurs in ages of

Answer 47

35-40