Chapter 7: Respiratory (Exam 2) Flashcards
nas/o
rhin/o
nose
sept/o
septum
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
adenoid/o
adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsils
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi/o
bronch/o
bronchus, bronchi
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o
pneumon/o
air; lung
pulmon/o
lung
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
lob/o
lobe
ortho/o
straight
ox/o
oxygen
pector/o
steth/o
throac/o
chest
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
spir/o
breathe
-capnia
carbon dioxide
-osmia
smell
-phonia
voice
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-throax
chest
brady-
slow
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
eu-
good, normal
tachy-
rapid
abnormal breath sounds
abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition
- adventitious breath sounds
crackle
intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli
- rale
rhonchus
continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring
stridor
high-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
wheeze
whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory pathway
acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids
anosmia
absence of the sense of smell
apnea
disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood oxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air
- sleep apnea
central apnea (CSA)
form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing
obstructive apnea (OSA)
most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs
mixed apnea
type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously
atelectasis
collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung
coryza
acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose
- rhinitis
croup
common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs
cystic fibrosis (CF)
life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas
deviated nasal septum
displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleeds
epiglottitis
severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years
epistaxis
nasal hemorrhage
- nose bleed
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis
influenza
acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs
- flu
pertussis
acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic “whoop” sound
- whooping cough
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
empyema
presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing
- pleuritis
pulmonary edema
accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure
pulmonary embolism
blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months
- crib death
tuberculosis (TB)
potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats
Mantoux test
tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is placed just beneath the surface of the skin to identify a previous exposure to tuberculosis
oximetry
noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen
- pulse oximetry
polysomnography
test of sleep cycles and stages using EEGs, which are continuous recordings of brain waves as well as electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments
spirometry
PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
mediastinoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
arterial blood gas (ABG)
test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
sputum culture
microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
sweat test
measurement of the amount of salt in sweat
throat culture
test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci
chest X-ray (CXR)
radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax
computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries
ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan
nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow and blood flow in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs
- V-Q lung scan
pleurectomy
excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura
pneumonectomy
excision of a lung or portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer
septoplasty
surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
thoracentesis
surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity
- pleurocentesis
- thoracocentesis
tracheostomy
surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
aerosol therapy
lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in must form directly to the lungs or air passageways
antral lavage
washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management
endotracheal intubation
procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway
postural drainage
method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier
emphysema
decreased alveolar elasticity; alveoli are unable to fully contract but are able to expand (dilate); commonly occurs with other lung disorders such as asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis
asthma
produces spasms of smooth muscles in bronchial passages; attacks may be sudden and violent (paroxysms); “triggers” include allergens, irritants, and sometimes exercise, cold, and stress
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial passages; most commonly caused by constant irritation (tobacco smoke, pollution, and dust and chemical exposure); other causes are viral and bacterial infections
