Chapter 11: Urinary System (Exam 3, dark orange/purple cards) Flashcards
albumin/o
albumin, protein
azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
bacteri/o
bacteria (singular, bacterium)
cyst/o
vesic/o
bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
kal/i
potassium
keton/o
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
lith/o
stone, calculus
meat/o
opening, meatus
nephr/o
ren/o
kidney
olig/o
scanty
noct/o
night
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
-genesis
forming, producing, origin
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
-uria
urine
dia-
through, across
retro-
backward, behind
anuria
Absence of urine production or output
bladder neck obstruction
Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
cystocele
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina
end-stage renal disease
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
enuresis
Involuntary discharge of urine
- incontinence
fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
- painful bladder syndrome
nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
neurogenic bladder
impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
pyelonephritis
Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney
urgency
sensation of the need to void immediately
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
Wilms tumor
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children
- nephroblastoma
Electromyography (EMG)
measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
cystoscopy (cysto)
Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
urinalysis (UA)
urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
bladder ultrasound
A noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium
- excretory urography
renal nuclear scan
Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
kidney transplant
Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)
nephrostomy
Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
ureteral stent placement
insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
dialysis
Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
hemodialysis
Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
catheterization
insertion of a slender tube into the bladder; possible attached to a drainage bag to allow urine to be freely removed from the bladder
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Use of powerful sound-wave vibrations to pulverize uroliths that are then more easily expelled, special monitor to carefully focus sound waves onto the area containing the stone
