Chapter 6: Digestive (Exam 2) Flashcards
anorexia
lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen
borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
cachexia
physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer
- wasting syndrome
cholelithiasis
presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
cirrhosis
scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
Crohn Disease
form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract
- regional enteritis
dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea
flatus
gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
halitosis
foul smelling breath
hematemesis
vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
hemorrhoids
swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal
intestinal obstruction
mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation/diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined
- spastic colon
malabsorption syndrome
symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
melena
dark tar like feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
obesity
excessive weight accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
morbid obesity
obesity in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 40, and generally 100lbs or more over ideal body weight
obstipation
severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
oral leukoplakia
formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
pyloric stenosis
stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
regurgitation
a backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon
gastrointestinal endoscopy
visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiber-optic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors
hepatitis panel
panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus (HAV, HBV, HCV) that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
liver function tests (LFTs)
group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract
serum bilirubin
measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
stool culture
test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection
stool guaiac
test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult blood in the feces
- hemoccalt
computed tomography (CT)
imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around an area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
lower gastrointestinal series
radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum
- lower GI series
- barium enema
oral cholecystography (OCG)
radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than X-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic system, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic ducts
ultrasonography (US)
test in which high-frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
- ultrasound
- sonography
- echo
abdominal ultrasound
ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder
endoscopic ultrasound
combination of endoscopy and ultrasound that examines and obtains images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs
upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)
radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium
- barium swallow
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
ileorectoal anastomosis
surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
intestinal anastamosis
surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
appendectomy
excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure
open appendectomy
excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
laparoscopic appendectomy
minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor
bariatric surgery
group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, and the resultant health problems
vertical banded gastroplasty
bariatric surgery that involves verticle stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum to form a Y, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats
- gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy
colostomy
surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place
lithotripsy
procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
paracentesis
procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly
- abdominocentesis
polypectomy
excision of a polyp
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distension by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
or/o
stomat/o
mouth
gloss/o
lingu/o
tongue
bucc/o
cheek
cheil/o
labi/o
lip
dent/o
odont/o
teeth
gingiv/o
gum(s)
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
esophag/o
esophagus
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
gastr/o
stomach
pylor/o
pylorus
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestine
jejun/o
jejunum
ile/o
ileum
append/o
appendic/o
appendix
col/o
colon/o
colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
rect/o
rectum
proct/o
anus, rectum
an/o
anus
hepat/o
liver
pancrat/o
pancreas
cholangi/o
bile vessel
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
bile duct
-emesis
vomit
-iasis
abnormal condition
-megaly
enlargement
-orexia
appetite
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
swallowing
-prandial
meal
-rrhea
discharge, flow
dia-
through, across
peri-
around
sub-
under, below
diverticulitis
acute inflammation of diverticulae
