Chapter 10: Musculoskeletal (Exam 2) Flashcards
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
muscul/o
my/o
muscle
rhabd/o
rod-shaped (striated)
rhabdomy/o
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
brachi/o
arm
carp/o
carpus (wrist bone)
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
dactyl/o
fingers; toes
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
radi/o
radiation, X-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
thorac/o
chest
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
ili/o
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)
ischi/o
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelv/o
pelvis
pod/o
foot
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
tibi/o
tibia (large bone of the lower leg)
ankyl/o
stiffness; bent, crooked
arthr/o
joint
chrondr/o
cartilage
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
kyph/o
humpback
lamin/o
lamina (part of vertebral arch)
lord/o
curve, swayback
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
ped/o
ped/i
foot; child
scoli/o
crooked, bent
synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
tendon
-asthenia
weakness, debility
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
-clast
to break; surgical fracture
-desis
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
-malacia
softening
-porosis
porous
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
a-
without, not
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
syn-
union, together, joined
closed fracture (simple)
break with no external skin wound
open fracture (compound)
break with external wound that leads to the fracture site and a piece of bone protruding through the skin
complicated fracture
broken bone injures an internal organ such as the lung
comminuted fracture
bone broken or splintered into pieces
impacted fracture
end of broken bone wedged into the interior of another bone
incomplete fracture
fracture line does not include the whole bone
greenstick fracture
break in which bone is partially bent and splint, which occurs most commonly in children, especially in those who have rickets, or adults with soft bones
colles fracture
break in lower end of radius, which commonly occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease; affects the synovial membranes of joints; possibly cartilage destruction, bone erosion, and joint deformity
arthrography
series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
bone density test (bone densitometry)
noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy X-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm
- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
discography
radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
lumbosacral spinal radiography
radiography of the five vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
bone scintigraphy
nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone
amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid of inject medications
arthroclasia
surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope
bone grafting
implantation of transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
bursectomy
excision of a bursa (pad-like sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra
sequestrectomy
excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
total hip replacement (THR)
surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
bone immobilization
procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
casting
bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material
splinting
bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
traction
set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system
bunion (hallux valgus)
deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toe
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)
claudication
lameness, limping
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
ganglion cyst
fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joints of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet
gout
joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space
herniated disk
rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposis) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs
- slipped disc
- herniated nucleus pulposis (HVP)
hypotonia
loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
myasthenia gravis
chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone
osteoporosis
loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in post-menopausal women
Paget disease
chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
phantom limb
perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
- rachitis
spinal curvatures
any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left
- C-shaped curvature
Kyphosis
abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine
- humpback
- hunchback
lordosis
abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine
- swayback
spondylolisthesis
any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its original (normal) position in relationship to the one beneath it
spondylosis
degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
sprain and strain
overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain)
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side
- clubfoot
