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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 7 - Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

dualistic

A

mind and body is viewed as separate entities, subject to different laws

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2
Q

what perspective emerged in the 1970s

A

realization that many, perhaps all, disease states are influenced directly/indirectly by social or psychological factors

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3
Q

behavioral medicine

A

refers to application of the methods of behaviour modification to the treatment or prevention of disease ex. psychological techniques to control pain in patients

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4
Q

health psychology

A

application of psychological methods and theories to understand the origins of disease, individual responses to disease, and the determination of good health

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5
Q

what is the key criterion to be diagnosed

A

must have medical condition that is adversely affected by psychological/behavioural factor

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6
Q

what is the exclusion criterion to be diagnosed

A

factors should not be better explained by another mental disorder

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7
Q

How do we rule in a psychological or behavioural factor?

A

1) evidence of identified factor influencing course of condition
2) factor interferes with the treatment of the medical condition
3) factor poses additional risk to the health of the individual
4) factor influences the pathophysiology of the disorder

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8
Q

mechanism

A

activity of a living system that mediates the influence of an antecedent factor on disease

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9
Q

what is illness defined by

A

defined by symptoms which are subjective reports of internal states

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10
Q

what is disease defined by

A

defined by signs which are objective indications of an underlying disease process, either directly by a person with appropriate training or indirectly through a specific test

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11
Q

lesion

A

when a sign involves disturbance in bodily tissue or normal functioning of a bodily system

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12
Q

why is the distinction between illness and disease important?

A

alerts us about the various mechanisms by which psychological factors may contribute to ill health

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13
Q

how can psychological factors influence ilness

A

affect our perception of, attention to, or tolerance of bodily signals

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14
Q

what can psychological influences on bodily tissues (via lesions) be?

A

can be the effects of behaviours (ex. smoking) or psychosocial variables (ex. emotions, interpretation of experience)

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15
Q

what three mechanisms are responsive to psychosocial factors?

A

endocrine system, autonomic nervous system and immune system

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16
Q

what are several endocrine organs known to be highly responsive to?

A

psychosocial variables - best known system is HPA axis (releases cortisol in response to a variety of psychosocial influences ex. stress)

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

organs that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream

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18
Q

cortisol

A

highly active hormone - suppresses inflammation, mobilizes glucose from the liver, increases cardiovascular tone, produces immune system changes and inhibits other endocrine structures

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19
Q

are cortisol features used as a defense mechanism

A

yes

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20
Q

what are the short term responses in cortisol

A

promote immediate survival and inhibit unnecessary activity but they are maladaptive when prolonged/exaggerated

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21
Q

what is there evidence for regarding cortisol

A

suppress immune system function, enhance the development of atherosclerosis and contribute to neuronal damage in brain

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22
Q

does cortisol play a role in increasing the production of fat cells

A

yes

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23
Q

does cortisol contribute to neuronal damage in the brain that may be associated with dementia

A

yes

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24
Q

what are two parts of the ANS system

A

Sympathetic branch and parasympathetic system

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25
Q

sympathetic branch

A

produces changes that prepare the body for vigorous action; dangerous if prolonged

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26
Q

parasympathetic branch

A

returns the body to a more balanced state that is within the body’s tolerance

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27
Q

why are effects of the ANS so fast?

A

because they don’t reply on blood stream, instead rely on speed of nervous conduction

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28
Q

what part of a second endocrine subsystem is the sympathetic system part of

A

sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) axis

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29
Q

what does the SAM axis do

A

1) Stimulates release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

2) Associated with “adrenalin rush”, increased energy and body activation

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30
Q

immune system

A

comprises a network of cells and organs that defends the body against external, disease causing forces or internal pathogens (antigens)

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31
Q

how does the immune system perform its function

A

through a variety of white blood cells

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32
Q

where are immune cells produced and stored in

A

several organs including thymus gland, the lymph nodes, bone marrow and small intestine

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33
Q

what are the three categories of immune response

A

nonspecific, cellular, humoral

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34
Q

nonspecific immune responses

A

circulating white cells (granulocytes and monocytes) identify invading antigens and destroy them by a process of engulfing and digesting called phagocytosis

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35
Q

antigens

A

substance that is recognized as foreign to the body

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36
Q

cellular immunity

A

blood cells called T-lymphocytes create immune episode to foreign body and are altered as a result - responsible for “building up immunity”

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37
Q

helper t-cells

A

secrete substances called lymphokines that control responses of other types of t-cells

38
Q

killer t-cells

A

attack foreign or mutated cells directly

39
Q

suppressor t-cells

A

inhibit the actions of both the helper cells and the natural killer cells, thereby providing negative feedback mechanism

40
Q

memory t-cells

A

stored in the body in anticipation of the next time it needs to counter the same threat

41
Q

humoral immunity

A

invading antigens are targeted by B-lymphocytes

42
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of mind-brain-immunesystem interactions

43
Q

3 ways psychosocial variables can influence immune acitivity

A

1) direct action of CNS on organs and structures of the immune system
2) secondary consequence of the hormonal changes
3) changes in behaviour that reflect personal characteristics or adaptations to changing life conditions

44
Q

What 3 ways is the term stress used

A

1) to refer to a stimulus or property of external world
2) to refer to a response
3) refer to a transaction that mediates stimulus and response

45
Q

alarm (first phase)

A

body mobilizes its defence

46
Q

resistance (second phase)

A

actively copes with the challenge through immune and neuroendocrine changes

47
Q

exhaustion (third phase)

A

energy is depleted and resistance can no longer be maintained

48
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

first formal description and definition of stress - according to this model, stress is inferred from a set of bodily changes that is defined by a response

49
Q

what are the three phases of GAS

A

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

50
Q

what must happen in GAS

A

some event must occur to set off adaption effectts

51
Q

transactional model of stress

A

stress is an ongoing series of transactions between an individual and their environment

52
Q

appraisals

A

constantly evaluating what is happening to them

53
Q

primary appraisal

A

asks the question “is this a threat to me?”

54
Q

secondary appraisal

A

if yes, primary appraisal is a threat, then engages in problem-focused coping or emotion-focused coping

55
Q

final step in transaction model

A

“is my coping effective?” - if yes, stress is minimized. if no - appraisal of threat is confirmed - leads to disease or stress effects

56
Q

why is the transactional model of stress useful

A

1) the way we perceive a threat plays a role in the physiological response to it
2) it helps organize how we think about psychosocial factors influencing disease

57
Q

social status that influence disease

A

individual’s relative position within a social hierarchy matters

58
Q

controllability

A

ability to control potentially stressful events

59
Q

internal locus control

A

see themselves as masters of their own destiny

60
Q

external locus control

A

see themselves as being buffeted by the random events of the world

61
Q

what is high strain and external locus of control been shown to be associated with

A

increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease

62
Q

social support

A

extent to which an individual feels connected to other people in meaningful ways

63
Q

what does the absence of social support worsen

A

existing disease

64
Q

what are the reasons the effects of social support are unclear

A

1) may be associated with material support in times of stress
2) may be a mean of discovering or testing coping strategies
3) a way of altering stress appraisals

65
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

blood supply to the hear becomes compromised which leads to myocardial infarction and stroke

66
Q

myocardial infarction and stroke

A

blood supply to the brain is interrupted, leading to death of neural tissue

67
Q

potential years of life lost (PYLL)

A

a measure calculated by subtracting age of death from an individual’s life expectancy - than any other cause except cancer and accidents

68
Q

what does the cardiovascular system provide to the body

A

nutrients and oxygen to all the tissues in the body and serves as a highway for the elimination of waste products

69
Q

vasculature

A

extensive branching network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues and veins

70
Q

two numbers that express blood pressure

A

systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure

71
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by the heart

72
Q

total peripheral resistance

A

the diameter of the blood vessels

73
Q

arrhythmias

A

disturbances in the normal pumping rhythm of the heart or from compromised supply of blood to the heart itself

74
Q

atherosclerosis

A

buildup of deposits, known as plaques on the walls of the blood vessels

75
Q

atherogenesis

A

atherosclerotic plaques are complex structures built up from matter deposited on arterial linings over a course of a lifetime - primarily lipids

76
Q

hypertension

A

high level of resting blood pressure

77
Q

stress reactivity paradigm

A

reaction to stress is important to understanding CVD

78
Q

cardiovascular reactivity

A

degree of change in cardiovascular function change in response to a psychologically significant stimulus

79
Q

Type A

A

people who appear to be aggressively involved in a chronic struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time

80
Q

3 components of Type A that increase CVD

A

1) affective features
2) cognitive/attitudinal dimension
3) behavioural dimension

81
Q

affective features

A

tendency to respond to situations with anger and contempt

82
Q

cognitive/attitudinal dimension

A

tendency to view others with a cynicism and to impute bad intentions to them

83
Q

behavioural dimension

A

direct and subtle aggressiveness and antagonism

84
Q

5 models of CVD

A

1) psychophysiological reactivity model
2) psychosocial vulnerability model
3) transactional model
4) Health Behaviour model
5) constitutional vulnerability model

85
Q

Psychophysiological Reactivity model

A

hostile people at a greater risk due to experiencing greater physiological responses to stress

86
Q

psychosocial vulnerability model

A

hostile people experience more demanding interpersonal lives than others

87
Q

transactional model

A

hostile people construct an antagonist and unsupportive world, worsened by lack of social support and increased interpersonal stress

88
Q

health behaviour model

A

hostile people engage in more unhealthy behaviours and less health behaviors

89
Q

constitutional vulnerability model

A

link between hostility and poor health outcomes is the result of this - genetics + personality + disease risk

90
Q

two classes of intervention

A

1) generic approaches to management of stress

2) interventions for specific psychosocial variables

91
Q

what do specific interventions target for Type A

A

personality traits and associated behaviours

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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