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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 11 - Substance-Related Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Substance-Related Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

substance use disorders

A

alcohol and drug addiction - recurrent use of one of specific substance that leads to consequences

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2
Q

10 different classes of substance use disorders

A

1) alcohol
2) caffeine
3) cannibis
4) hallucinogens
5) inhalants
6) opiods
7) sedatives
8) hypnotics and anxiolytics
9) stimulants
10) tobacco

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3
Q

4 general groupings of indicators

A

social impairment, impairment of control over use, risky use and pharmacological criteria

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4
Q

impairment of control

A

taking substance in greater amounts or for longer than intended, desire to cut down or quit, lots of time spent trying to obtain or recover from the substance, craving

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5
Q

social impairment

A

failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, home or school - continued despite clear negative consequences on relationships

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6
Q

risky use

A

use when it is physically dangerous, continued use despite having a problem that is made worse by the substance

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7
Q

pharmacological dependence

A

tolerance and withdrawal

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8
Q

tolerance

A

increased amounts of substance to achieve same effect

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9
Q

withdrawal

A

experience unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms when substance is removed from body

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10
Q

which two methods of ingesting substance are the quickest to reach the brain

A

inhaling and injection (IV)

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11
Q

substance-induced disorders

A

associated with each of the 10 drug classes, including intoxication, withdrawal, and other substances

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12
Q

polysubstance abuse

A

simultaneous misuse or dependence upon two or more substances

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13
Q

low-risk drinking guidelines

A

indication of upper limits on drinking so that drinking is not likely to lead to physical impairment

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14
Q

ethyl alcohol

A

effective chemical compound in alcoholic beverages - reduces anxiety, produces euphoria, and creates a sense of well-being

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15
Q

Blood alcohol level

A

0.08% - usual

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16
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

breaks down alcohol - women have less of this

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17
Q

what does alcohol do to your cycle of sleep

A

supresses REM phase of sleep, so first part of night is good then will rebound

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18
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis

A

chronic disease characterized by impaired memory and a loss of contact with reality

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19
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

patter of facial dysmorphology, growth retardation and CNS dysfunction caused by mother’s drinking habits

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20
Q

twins studies for alcohol

A

male monozygotic twins are more similar in their tendencies to develop problems with alcohol abuse and dependence

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21
Q

behavioral disinhibition

A

people with alcohol problems tend to have a relative inability to inhibit behavioural impulses

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22
Q

negative emotionality

A

tendency to experience psychological distress, anxiety, and depression

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23
Q

tension-reduction

A

hypothesis that drinking is reinforced by its ability to reduce tension, anxiety, anger, depression and other unpleasant emotions

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24
Q

alcohol expectancy theory

A

drinking behaviour is largely determined by the reinforcement that an individual expects to receive from it

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25
behavioural tolerance
need for a greater amount for the same effect - greatest when conditioned environmental cues are present
26
acetaldehyde
breaks down alcohol - then it is further broken down by the enzyme aldehyde hydrogenase
27
short-term consequences of alcohol
cognitive, driving, health
28
long-term consequences of alcohol
related to genetic vulnerability, frequency/duration of alcohol use, severity of and frequency of binge drinking
29
Minnesota Model
popular treatment for people who show signs of withdrawal, treatment begins in a hospital or detoxification clinic under medical supervision - abstinence is the goal
30
Pharmacotherapy
assist in detoxification to reduce the pleasurable effects associated with drinking and to produce nausea when alcohol is consumed
31
antagonist drug
targets the neurotransmitters that mediate alcohol's effects on the rain and "blocks" the pleasurable effects of alcohol
32
agonist drug
facilitates the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter GABA at its receptors
33
antabuse
block the action of the metabolizing enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, resulting in a buildup of it in the body
34
advantage of antabuse
helping family member regain trust in the individual's resolve to not drink
35
success of agonist drug
depends on the compliance of the individual
36
success of antagonist drug
reduces sensation of craving
37
alcoholics anonymous
goal is complete abstinence - believe there is no cure for alcoholism - believe in "higher power" to help them
38
success of alcoholics anonymous
effective treatment for some - others find a hard time with the spirituality aspect
39
behavioral treatment
based on operant conditioning principles - treats problem drinking as a learned behavior
40
contingency management
used to manipulate reinforcement contingencies for alcohol use
41
community reinforcement approach
a spouse, friend or relative who is not a substance user is recruited to participate in the program - both learn behavioural coping skills and how to develop contingency contracts
42
behavioural self-management
teaches people with alcohol use disorder to manage their own drinking through behavioural contracting, restructuring of thoughts about drinking and have individuals recognize patters of their drinking
43
brief interventions
1-3 sessions in length offering time-limited and specific advice regarding the need to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption
44
motivational interviewing
approach that can be used with clients who present with varying levels of readiness to change their behaviour
45
depressants
inhibit neurotransmitter activity in CNS
46
benzodiazepines
more frequently prescribed for sleep and anxiety problems
47
long acting forms of benzodiazepines and barbiturates
prolonged sedation
48
short acting forms of benzodiazepines and barbiturates
used to treat insomnia
49
large doses of benzodiazepines and barbiturates
slurred speech, poor motor coordination, impaired judgement and concentration, induce sleep
50
small dose of benzodiazepines and barbiturates
euphoria
51
long term use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates
causes depression, chronic fatigue, mood swings, and paranoia
52
dependency of benzodiazepines and barbiturates
tolerance develops rapidly, dangerous if withdrawal occurs
53
abstinence syndrome
characterized by insomnia, headaches, aching all over the body, anxiety, and depression
54
stimulants
class of drugs that have a stimulating/arousing effect on the CNS and create their effects by influencing the rate of uptake of the neurotransmitters at receptor sites in the brain ex. cocaine
55
tobacco
stimulant drug
56
short term consequences of tobacco
minimal effects
57
long term consequences of tobacco
extensive effects
58
nicotine
CNS stimulant related to the amphetamines
59
dependency on tobacco
develops quickly
60
treatment of tobacco
psychological/pharmacological treatments
61
psychological treatments for tobacco
formal face-to-face counselling, online support groups for quitting, provision of self-help materials for quitting - goal setting, self-monitoring, reinforcement
62
pharmacological treatments
over the counter nicotine replacements and medications, block reinforcing properties, help with detoxification, reduce cravings, aversion therapy
63
amphetamines
effects on the body similar to those of adrenalin
64
low doses of amphetamines
increase alertness and allow the user to focus attention effectively
65
high doses of amphetamines
induce feelings of exhilaration, extroversion, confidence and at very high doses, restlessness and anxiety can occur
66
toxic psychosis
repeated high doses can cause hallucinations, delirium and paranoia
67
physical effects of amphetamines
increased or irregular heartbeat, fluctuations in blood pressure, hot or cold flashes, nausea, weakness, and dilation of pupils
68
caffeine
most popular stimulant drug
69
opioids
class of CNS depressants - main effects are the reduction of pain and sleep inducement ex.heroin
70
endogenous opiates
body's natural painkillers
71
exogenous opiates
narcotics affect receptor sites located throughout the body including the CNS and bloodstream
72
dependency on opioids
withdrawal is dangerous
73
methadone
heroin replacement
74
treatment for opioids
medications, individual/group psychological programs, peer supports
75
therapeutic effects of cannabis
cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, terminal illness, chronic pain, anxiety
76
amotivational syndrome
continuing pattern of apathy, profound self-absorption, detachment from friends and family and abandonment of goals
77
dependency on marijuana
can become tolerant and dependent
78
hallucinogens
drugs that change a person's mental state by inducing perceptual and sensory distortion or hallucinations
79
effects of hallucinogens
psychotic-like epsiodes
80
factors affecting experience of hallucinogens
personality, setting, expectations
81
dependence on hallucinogens
do not tend to cause dependence
82
sex differences in addiction
affects more men than women
83
what kind of experience do women have with addictions
"telescoping effect" - more progressive
84
what are women more sensitive to in addictions
more sensitive to rewarding effects, less sensitive to negative effects of drugs
85
risk factors - biological
family history, low sensitivity to alcohol
86
risk factors - psychosocial
impulsivity, negative/positive urgency, problematic coping strategies, positive expectations
87
risk factors - social
family acceptance of substance use, cultural permissive attitudes, availability, abuse, low SES, academic failure
88
harm reduction model
propose reducing consequences/dangerous behaviours but not necessarily quitting
89
self-help
step-by-step instructions to an individual, enabling them to carry out an established treatment protocol either independently or with minimal expert support
90
mutual help groups
support group for addictions
91
self-help - personalized feedback
assessment of current use and comparison with normative and for your age and gender
92
self-help - structured interventions
generally include numerous strategies - self-assessment, goal setting, self-monitoring, coping strategies, online forums
93
effectiveness of structured interventions
good for alcohol, questionable for cocaine
94
effectiveness of personalized feedback
questionable on it own with alcohol and gambling, effective if combined with self-help book about alcohol use
95
12-Step group
involves meetings, completing the 12 steps, obtaining a sponsor, doing service ex. AA, NA
96
SMART recovery
focus on building and maintaining motivation, coping with urges, managing thoughts, feelings and behaviours, and living a balanced life - goal is abstinence
97
modern management
goal is moderation, not abstinence
98
cognitive behavioral program
self-monitoring, goal setting, learning behavioural management skills, managing triggers, finding non-drinking activities, relapse prevention
99
residential treatment
many different programs, high variability, usually based on 12-step principles

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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