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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 11 - Substance-Related Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Substance-Related Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

substance use disorders

A

alcohol and drug addiction - recurrent use of one of specific substance that leads to consequences

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2
Q

10 different classes of substance use disorders

A

1) alcohol
2) caffeine
3) cannibis
4) hallucinogens
5) inhalants
6) opiods
7) sedatives
8) hypnotics and anxiolytics
9) stimulants
10) tobacco

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3
Q

4 general groupings of indicators

A

social impairment, impairment of control over use, risky use and pharmacological criteria

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4
Q

impairment of control

A

taking substance in greater amounts or for longer than intended, desire to cut down or quit, lots of time spent trying to obtain or recover from the substance, craving

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5
Q

social impairment

A

failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, home or school - continued despite clear negative consequences on relationships

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6
Q

risky use

A

use when it is physically dangerous, continued use despite having a problem that is made worse by the substance

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7
Q

pharmacological dependence

A

tolerance and withdrawal

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8
Q

tolerance

A

increased amounts of substance to achieve same effect

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9
Q

withdrawal

A

experience unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms when substance is removed from body

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10
Q

which two methods of ingesting substance are the quickest to reach the brain

A

inhaling and injection (IV)

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11
Q

substance-induced disorders

A

associated with each of the 10 drug classes, including intoxication, withdrawal, and other substances

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12
Q

polysubstance abuse

A

simultaneous misuse or dependence upon two or more substances

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13
Q

low-risk drinking guidelines

A

indication of upper limits on drinking so that drinking is not likely to lead to physical impairment

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14
Q

ethyl alcohol

A

effective chemical compound in alcoholic beverages - reduces anxiety, produces euphoria, and creates a sense of well-being

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15
Q

Blood alcohol level

A

0.08% - usual

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16
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

breaks down alcohol - women have less of this

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17
Q

what does alcohol do to your cycle of sleep

A

supresses REM phase of sleep, so first part of night is good then will rebound

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18
Q

Korsakoff’s psychosis

A

chronic disease characterized by impaired memory and a loss of contact with reality

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19
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

patter of facial dysmorphology, growth retardation and CNS dysfunction caused by mother’s drinking habits

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20
Q

twins studies for alcohol

A

male monozygotic twins are more similar in their tendencies to develop problems with alcohol abuse and dependence

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21
Q

behavioral disinhibition

A

people with alcohol problems tend to have a relative inability to inhibit behavioural impulses

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22
Q

negative emotionality

A

tendency to experience psychological distress, anxiety, and depression

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23
Q

tension-reduction

A

hypothesis that drinking is reinforced by its ability to reduce tension, anxiety, anger, depression and other unpleasant emotions

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24
Q

alcohol expectancy theory

A

drinking behaviour is largely determined by the reinforcement that an individual expects to receive from it

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25
Q

behavioural tolerance

A

need for a greater amount for the same effect - greatest when conditioned environmental cues are present

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26
Q

acetaldehyde

A

breaks down alcohol - then it is further broken down by the enzyme aldehyde hydrogenase

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27
Q

short-term consequences of alcohol

A

cognitive, driving, health

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28
Q

long-term consequences of alcohol

A

related to genetic vulnerability, frequency/duration of alcohol use, severity of and frequency of binge drinking

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29
Q

Minnesota Model

A

popular treatment for people who show signs of withdrawal, treatment begins in a hospital or detoxification clinic under medical supervision - abstinence is the goal

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30
Q

Pharmacotherapy

A

assist in detoxification to reduce the pleasurable effects associated with drinking and to produce nausea when alcohol is consumed

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31
Q

antagonist drug

A

targets the neurotransmitters that mediate alcohol’s effects on the rain and “blocks” the pleasurable effects of alcohol

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32
Q

agonist drug

A

facilitates the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter GABA at its receptors

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33
Q

antabuse

A

block the action of the metabolizing enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, resulting in a buildup of it in the body

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34
Q

advantage of antabuse

A

helping family member regain trust in the individual’s resolve to not drink

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35
Q

success of agonist drug

A

depends on the compliance of the individual

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36
Q

success of antagonist drug

A

reduces sensation of craving

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37
Q

alcoholics anonymous

A

goal is complete abstinence - believe there is no cure for alcoholism - believe in “higher power” to help them

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38
Q

success of alcoholics anonymous

A

effective treatment for some - others find a hard time with the spirituality aspect

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39
Q

behavioral treatment

A

based on operant conditioning principles - treats problem drinking as a learned behavior

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40
Q

contingency management

A

used to manipulate reinforcement contingencies for alcohol use

41
Q

community reinforcement approach

A

a spouse, friend or relative who is not a substance user is recruited to participate in the program - both learn behavioural coping skills and how to develop contingency contracts

42
Q

behavioural self-management

A

teaches people with alcohol use disorder to manage their own drinking through behavioural contracting, restructuring of thoughts about drinking and have individuals recognize patters of their drinking

43
Q

brief interventions

A

1-3 sessions in length offering time-limited and specific advice regarding the need to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption

44
Q

motivational interviewing

A

approach that can be used with clients who present with varying levels of readiness to change their behaviour

45
Q

depressants

A

inhibit neurotransmitter activity in CNS

46
Q

benzodiazepines

A

more frequently prescribed for sleep and anxiety problems

47
Q

long acting forms of benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

prolonged sedation

48
Q

short acting forms of benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

used to treat insomnia

49
Q

large doses of benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

slurred speech, poor motor coordination, impaired judgement and concentration, induce sleep

50
Q

small dose of benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

euphoria

51
Q

long term use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

causes depression, chronic fatigue, mood swings, and paranoia

52
Q

dependency of benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

tolerance develops rapidly, dangerous if withdrawal occurs

53
Q

abstinence syndrome

A

characterized by insomnia, headaches, aching all over the body, anxiety, and depression

54
Q

stimulants

A

class of drugs that have a stimulating/arousing effect on the CNS and create their effects by influencing the rate of uptake of the neurotransmitters at receptor sites in the brain ex. cocaine

55
Q

tobacco

A

stimulant drug

56
Q

short term consequences of tobacco

A

minimal effects

57
Q

long term consequences of tobacco

A

extensive effects

58
Q

nicotine

A

CNS stimulant related to the amphetamines

59
Q

dependency on tobacco

A

develops quickly

60
Q

treatment of tobacco

A

psychological/pharmacological treatments

61
Q

psychological treatments for tobacco

A

formal face-to-face counselling, online support groups for quitting, provision of self-help materials for quitting - goal setting, self-monitoring, reinforcement

62
Q

pharmacological treatments

A

over the counter nicotine replacements and medications, block reinforcing properties, help with detoxification, reduce cravings, aversion therapy

63
Q

amphetamines

A

effects on the body similar to those of adrenalin

64
Q

low doses of amphetamines

A

increase alertness and allow the user to focus attention effectively

65
Q

high doses of amphetamines

A

induce feelings of exhilaration, extroversion, confidence and at very high doses, restlessness and anxiety can occur

66
Q

toxic psychosis

A

repeated high doses can cause hallucinations, delirium and paranoia

67
Q

physical effects of amphetamines

A

increased or irregular heartbeat, fluctuations in blood pressure, hot or cold flashes, nausea, weakness, and dilation of pupils

68
Q

caffeine

A

most popular stimulant drug

69
Q

opioids

A

class of CNS depressants - main effects are the reduction of pain and sleep inducement ex.heroin

70
Q

endogenous opiates

A

body’s natural painkillers

71
Q

exogenous opiates

A

narcotics affect receptor sites located throughout the body including the CNS and bloodstream

72
Q

dependency on opioids

A

withdrawal is dangerous

73
Q

methadone

A

heroin replacement

74
Q

treatment for opioids

A

medications, individual/group psychological programs, peer supports

75
Q

therapeutic effects of cannabis

A

cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, terminal illness, chronic pain, anxiety

76
Q

amotivational syndrome

A

continuing pattern of apathy, profound self-absorption, detachment from friends and family and abandonment of goals

77
Q

dependency on marijuana

A

can become tolerant and dependent

78
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that change a person’s mental state by inducing perceptual and sensory distortion or hallucinations

79
Q

effects of hallucinogens

A

psychotic-like epsiodes

80
Q

factors affecting experience of hallucinogens

A

personality, setting, expectations

81
Q

dependence on hallucinogens

A

do not tend to cause dependence

82
Q

sex differences in addiction

A

affects more men than women

83
Q

what kind of experience do women have with addictions

A

“telescoping effect” - more progressive

84
Q

what are women more sensitive to in addictions

A

more sensitive to rewarding effects, less sensitive to negative effects of drugs

85
Q

risk factors - biological

A

family history, low sensitivity to alcohol

86
Q

risk factors - psychosocial

A

impulsivity, negative/positive urgency, problematic coping strategies, positive expectations

87
Q

risk factors - social

A

family acceptance of substance use, cultural permissive attitudes, availability, abuse, low SES, academic failure

88
Q

harm reduction model

A

propose reducing consequences/dangerous behaviours but not necessarily quitting

89
Q

self-help

A

step-by-step instructions to an individual, enabling them to carry out an established treatment protocol either independently or with minimal expert support

90
Q

mutual help groups

A

support group for addictions

91
Q

self-help - personalized feedback

A

assessment of current use and comparison with normative and for your age and gender

92
Q

self-help - structured interventions

A

generally include numerous strategies - self-assessment, goal setting, self-monitoring, coping strategies, online forums

93
Q

effectiveness of structured interventions

A

good for alcohol, questionable for cocaine

94
Q

effectiveness of personalized feedback

A

questionable on it own with alcohol and gambling, effective if combined with self-help book about alcohol use

95
Q

12-Step group

A

involves meetings, completing the 12 steps, obtaining a sponsor, doing service ex. AA, NA

96
Q

SMART recovery

A

focus on building and maintaining motivation, coping with urges, managing thoughts, feelings and behaviours, and living a balanced life - goal is abstinence

97
Q

modern management

A

goal is moderation, not abstinence

98
Q

cognitive behavioral program

A

self-monitoring, goal setting, learning behavioural management skills, managing triggers, finding non-drinking activities, relapse prevention

99
Q

residential treatment

A

many different programs, high variability, usually based on 12-step principles

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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