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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 5 - Anxiety and Related Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Anxiety and Related Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

anxiety

A

affective state whereby an individual feels threatened by the occurrence of a possible future negative event

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2
Q

fear

A

Occurs in response to a real or perceived current threat

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3
Q

what kind of an emotion is fear

A

“present oriented”

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4
Q

“fight or flight” response

A

fear prompts a person or organism to either flee from a dangerous situation or stand and fight

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5
Q

panic

A

similar to fear, making these two emotional states difficult to distinguish in terms of their physiological and behavioural components

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6
Q

until 1980 what were anxiety disorders classified with

A

somatoform and dissociative disorders

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7
Q

what did Freud theorize about the difference in anxiety

A

difference between objective fears and neurotic anxiety

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8
Q

what did Freud theorize about anxiety

A

proposed that neurotic anxiety is a signal to the ego that an unacceptable drive (mainly sexual in nature) is pressing for conscious representation

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9
Q

how much more likely is an individual who’s family member is diagnosed with anxiety disorder to have on as well

A

4-6x more likely

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10
Q

where is the information from the amygdala sent to

A

areas in the hypothalamus and then through a midbrain area to the brain stem and spinal cord

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11
Q

what kinds of autonomic and behavioural components do the brain stem and spinal cord connect with in expression of fear

A

autonomic: increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
behavioural: freezing, fight/flight

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12
Q

what areas are not directly involved in the fear circuit?

A

higher cortical areas

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13
Q

two-factor theory

A

suggests that fears develop through the process of classical conditioning and are maintained of anxiety

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14
Q

what does the two-factor theory not do a good job of explaining

A

the development of all phobias

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15
Q

vicarious learning

A

develop fears by observing the reactions of other people

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16
Q

what relationship may be important in the development of anxiety

A

early attachment relationship

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17
Q

what do anxiety disorders tend to be without treatment

A

chronic and recurrent and are associated with significant distress and suffering

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18
Q

panic attacks

A

involves recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur unexpectedly - have the physical symptoms of anxiety

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19
Q

symptoms of panic attacks

A

1) sweating
2) trembling or shaking
3) feelings of choking
4) nausea or abdominal distress
5) chills or heat sensations
6) fear of dying
7) pounding heart

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20
Q

how many symptoms must be present for panic attacks

A

at least 4 symptoms with at least two unexpected attacks are required for this diagnosis

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21
Q

agoraphobia

A

anxiety about being in places or situations where an individual might find it difficult to escape

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22
Q

what two disorders are highly comorbid?

A

panic disorder and agoraphobia

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23
Q

gender differences in panic disorder

A

women are twice as likely

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24
Q

behavioural avoidance test (BAT)

A

patients are asked to enter situations that they would typically avoid - provide a rating of their anticipated anxiety and actual anxiety

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25
Q

symptom induction test

A

patient may be asked to do something to bring on symptoms of panic (ex. hyperventilate) - this will let them assess symptom severity and be a strategy for exposure treatment

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26
Q

how much more likely is an individual who’s family member is diagnosed with panic disorder to have on as well

A

5x more likely

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27
Q

nocturnal panic

A

attacks that occur while sleeping (most often during lighter stages of sleep)

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28
Q

catastrophically misinterpret

A

one misinterprets normal bodily sensations as signals that one is going to have a heart attack, go crazy etc.

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29
Q

anxiety sensitivity

A

with the belief that the somatic symptoms related to anxiety will have negative consequences that extend beyond the panic episode itself

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30
Q

alarm theory

A

theory proposes that a “true alarm” occurs when there is a real threat - bodies produce an adaptive physiological response

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31
Q

what kinds of phobias do women report more often

A

animal and situational

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32
Q

5 types of phobias

A

animal, natural environment, blood injection-injury, situational, other/illness

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33
Q

animal type

A

phobic object is an animal or insect

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34
Q

natural environment type

A

phobic object is part of the natural environment (ex. thunderstorms, height)

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35
Q

blood injection-injury type

A

person fear seeing blood or an injury, or fears an injection or other type of invasive medical procedure

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36
Q

situational type

A

person fears specific situations ex. public transportation

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37
Q

other type

A

phobias not covered in the other categories, ex choking, clowns, also contains illness phobia

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38
Q

illness phobia

A

intense fear of developing disease that the person currently does not have

39
Q

Equipotentiality premise

A

all neutral stimuli have an equal potential for becoming phobias

40
Q

nonassociative model

A

proposes that the process of evolution has endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli (ex. water) and thus no learning is necessary to develop these fears

41
Q

biological preparedness

A

process of natural selection has equipped humans with the predisposition to fear objects and situations that represented threats to our species over the course of our evolutionary heritage

42
Q

disgust sensitivity

A

the degree to which people are susceptible to being disgusted by a variety of stimuli ex. bugs, food

43
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear of interacting with others in most social settings

44
Q

performance only social phobia

A

fear specific social situations or activities, which may include casual speaking, eating or writing in public, or giving formal speeches

45
Q

what does the onset of social anxiety predict regarding comorbid disorders

A

predicts the onset of comorbid disorder

46
Q

what kind of form does social anxiety assessment take

A

structured or semi-structured

47
Q

what do individuals with social anxiety exhibit

A

abnormal social information processing

48
Q

what do individuals with social anxiety show increased brain activity in?

A

amygdala when viewing others’ facial expressions which suggests increased threat monitoring

49
Q

public self-consciousness

A

awareness of oneself as an object of attention

50
Q

interpersonal disorder

A

a condition that is commonly associated with marked disruption in the ability to relate with other people

51
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

uncontrollable and excessive worry

52
Q

gender differences in GAD

A

more common in women

53
Q

how many symptoms are needed for GAD

A

3 or more for adults, and one for children

54
Q

symptoms for GAD

A

1) restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
2) being easily fatigued
3) difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
4) irritability
5) muscle tension
6) sleep disturbance

55
Q

primary criterion for GAD

A

presence of excessive worry which must be present for more days than not for a period of at least 6 months

56
Q

intolerance of uncertainty

A

individual’s discomfort with ambiguity and uncertainty

57
Q

obsessions

A

recurrent and uncontrollable thoughts, impulses, or ideas that the individual finds disturbing and anxiety-provoking ex. doubting if someone locked the door and checking it

58
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts that are intended to reduce anxiety ex. counting numbers

59
Q

neutralizations

A

behavioral or mental acts that are used by individuals to try to prevent the feared consequences and distress caused by an obsession

60
Q

thought-action fusion

A

refers to two types of irrational thinking:

1) the belief that having a particular thought increases the probability that the thought will come true
2) belief that having a particular thought is the moral equivalent of a particular action

61
Q

subtypes of OCD

A

contamination and washing/cleaning, checking, hoarding, ordering/symmetry

62
Q

serotonin hypothesis for OCD

A

abnormalities in the serotonin system are responsible for OCD symptoms

63
Q

cognitive-behavioral conceptualization for OCD

A

problematic obsessions are caused by the person’s reaction to intrusive thoughts

64
Q

why are obsessions believed to persist

A

person’s maladaptive attempts to cope with them

65
Q

why are compulsions believed to persist

A

1) the lower the severity of anxiety
2) lower the frequency of obsessions
3) “prevent” obsessions from coming true

66
Q

PTSD

A

experienced, witnessed or learned about the traumatic event of a loved one, or have experienced repeated exposure to the aftermath of traumas

67
Q

4 domains symptoms of PTSD are categorized into

A

1) intrusion symptoms
2) avoidance symptoms
3) cognition and mood symptoms
4) hyperarousal and reactivity symptoms

68
Q

intrusion symptoms

A

memories, nightmares etc.

69
Q

avoidance symptoms

A

avoiding memories, avoiding places or people that are associated with the trauma etc.

70
Q

cognition and mood symptoms

A

amnesia, negative cognitions etc.

71
Q

hyperarousal and reactivity symptoms

A

hypervigilance, self-destructive behaviour etc.

72
Q

emotional numbing

A

inability to experience emotions

73
Q

what do individuals with PTSD also experience

A

sleep difficulties, concentration problems, irritability, significant anger problems etc.

74
Q

what kind of trauma is more likely to provoke PTSD

A

interpersonal traumas

75
Q

volume of hippcampus in individuals with PTSD is lower or higher

A

lower

76
Q

what kind of medications are the best for treatment of anxiety disorders

A

antidepressants drugs

77
Q

what do individuals with anxiety disorders usually overestimate

A

probability and severity of various threats

78
Q

what do individuals with anxiety disorders usually underestimate

A

ability to cope with threats

79
Q

goal of cognitive restructuring

A

to help patients develop healthier and more evidence-based thoughts

80
Q

systematic desensitization

A

patients imagine the lowest feared stimuli and combine it with relaxation response - work their way up

81
Q

fear hierarchy

A

list of feared situations or objects that are arranged in descending order according to how much they provoke anxiety

82
Q

worry imagery exposure

A

identify the patient’s main areas of worry, vividly imagining these unpleasant scenes and concentrating on them

83
Q

intense exposure

A

starting at a very high level of intensity rather than working gradually through the fear hierarchy

84
Q

interoceptive exposure

A

exposure to internal cues - effective for panic disorders

85
Q

ritual prevention for OCD

A

involves promoting abstinence from rituals that reduce anxiety in the short term and reinforce obsessions in the long run

86
Q

3 components of anxiety

A

physiological, cognitive, behavioral

87
Q

symptoms of phobic disorders

A

1) persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic saner
2) fears interfere with everyday life
3) physical symptoms
4) often aware that fears are irrational

88
Q

classical conditioning regarding anxiety

A

anxiety response can be acquired through pairing of an initially neutral stimuli with a frightening event

89
Q

operant conditioning regarding anxeity

A

once fear is acquired, the stimulus is avoided, and the avoidance is negatively reinforced due to the anxiety reduction

90
Q

symptoms for OCD

A

1) obsessions: persistent, uncontrollable intrusive thoughts

2) compulsions: urges to engage in rituals to alleviate such thoughts

91
Q

hoarding

A

difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of actual value

92
Q

ASD

A

experienced, witnessed, or learned about the traumatic event of a loved one, or have experienced repeated exposure to the aftermath of traumas

93
Q

5 domains for symptoms of ASD

A

1) intrusion symptoms
2) negative mood
3) dissociative symptom
4) arousal symptoms
5) avoidance symptoms

94
Q

how long must the symptoms for ASD be present

A

must have started or worsened after traumatic event and must be present for 3 days to 1 month prior to diagnosis

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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