Chapter 5 - Anxiety and Related Disorders Flashcards
anxiety
affective state whereby an individual feels threatened by the occurrence of a possible future negative event
fear
Occurs in response to a real or perceived current threat
what kind of an emotion is fear
“present oriented”
“fight or flight” response
fear prompts a person or organism to either flee from a dangerous situation or stand and fight
panic
similar to fear, making these two emotional states difficult to distinguish in terms of their physiological and behavioural components
until 1980 what were anxiety disorders classified with
somatoform and dissociative disorders
what did Freud theorize about the difference in anxiety
difference between objective fears and neurotic anxiety
what did Freud theorize about anxiety
proposed that neurotic anxiety is a signal to the ego that an unacceptable drive (mainly sexual in nature) is pressing for conscious representation
how much more likely is an individual who’s family member is diagnosed with anxiety disorder to have on as well
4-6x more likely
where is the information from the amygdala sent to
areas in the hypothalamus and then through a midbrain area to the brain stem and spinal cord
what kinds of autonomic and behavioural components do the brain stem and spinal cord connect with in expression of fear
autonomic: increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
behavioural: freezing, fight/flight
what areas are not directly involved in the fear circuit?
higher cortical areas
two-factor theory
suggests that fears develop through the process of classical conditioning and are maintained of anxiety
what does the two-factor theory not do a good job of explaining
the development of all phobias
vicarious learning
develop fears by observing the reactions of other people
what relationship may be important in the development of anxiety
early attachment relationship
what do anxiety disorders tend to be without treatment
chronic and recurrent and are associated with significant distress and suffering
panic attacks
involves recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur unexpectedly - have the physical symptoms of anxiety
symptoms of panic attacks
1) sweating
2) trembling or shaking
3) feelings of choking
4) nausea or abdominal distress
5) chills or heat sensations
6) fear of dying
7) pounding heart
how many symptoms must be present for panic attacks
at least 4 symptoms with at least two unexpected attacks are required for this diagnosis
agoraphobia
anxiety about being in places or situations where an individual might find it difficult to escape
what two disorders are highly comorbid?
panic disorder and agoraphobia
gender differences in panic disorder
women are twice as likely
behavioural avoidance test (BAT)
patients are asked to enter situations that they would typically avoid - provide a rating of their anticipated anxiety and actual anxiety
symptom induction test
patient may be asked to do something to bring on symptoms of panic (ex. hyperventilate) - this will let them assess symptom severity and be a strategy for exposure treatment
how much more likely is an individual who’s family member is diagnosed with panic disorder to have on as well
5x more likely
nocturnal panic
attacks that occur while sleeping (most often during lighter stages of sleep)
catastrophically misinterpret
one misinterprets normal bodily sensations as signals that one is going to have a heart attack, go crazy etc.
anxiety sensitivity
with the belief that the somatic symptoms related to anxiety will have negative consequences that extend beyond the panic episode itself
alarm theory
theory proposes that a “true alarm” occurs when there is a real threat - bodies produce an adaptive physiological response
what kinds of phobias do women report more often
animal and situational
5 types of phobias
animal, natural environment, blood injection-injury, situational, other/illness
animal type
phobic object is an animal or insect
natural environment type
phobic object is part of the natural environment (ex. thunderstorms, height)
blood injection-injury type
person fear seeing blood or an injury, or fears an injection or other type of invasive medical procedure
situational type
person fears specific situations ex. public transportation
other type
phobias not covered in the other categories, ex choking, clowns, also contains illness phobia