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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological Abnormality

A

behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way that is generally expected of them, in the context where the unusual functioning occurs

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2
Q

Mental Illness

A

used to convey the meaning as psychological abnormality, but it implies a medical rather than psychological cause

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3
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

specific manifestation of this impairment of functioning as described by some set of criteria established by a panel of experts

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4
Q

Psychopathology

A

1) scientific study of psychological abnormality

2) problems faced by people who suffer from disorders

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5
Q

5 principles of establishing a criteria for abnormality

A

1) Statistical concept
2) Personal dysfunction
3) Personal distress
4) Violation of Social Norms
5) Diagnosis by an expert

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6
Q

Statistical concept

A

behaviour is considered abnormal if it occurs infrequently in the population

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7
Q

Problems with statistical concept

A

1) not all infrequent conditions are viewed as abnormal

2) no guidance on how rare a condition must be

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8
Q

Personal distress

A

if the condition causes distress, it is abnormal

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9
Q

Problems with personal distress

A

1) not all psychological disorders cause personal distress
2) distress is a universal phenomenon but we do not all have a mental illness
3) not all distress is abnormal

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10
Q

Personal dysfunction

A

when the condition interferes with appropriate and adaptive functioning

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11
Q

Problems with personal dysfunction

A

1) definition of “appropriate”functioning
2) exceptions to the rule for harmful dysfunction and evolution
3) value judgement inherent in “harmful dysfunction” approach

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12
Q

Violation of Social Norms

A

condition is abnormal if it violates social norms

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13
Q

Problems with violation of norms

A

1) not all violations of social norms are diagnosable conditions ex. terrorists
2) cultural norms must be considered

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14
Q

Diagnosis by an Expert

A

a condition exists if an expert says it does

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15
Q

Problems with diagnosis by an expert

A

1) important to know who the experts are - not all mental health professionals are trained to diagnose mental illness
2) arguments that mental illness is a construct made up by mental health professionals to keep people “in order”
3) arguments that anyone can be diagnosed with anything if you look in the DSM hard enough

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16
Q

Stone Age

A

believed that causes of mental illness was due to supernatural causes and demonic possession and treatment involved exorcism, magic, incantations, supernatural treatments

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17
Q

Hippocrates

A

first man to reject supernatural causes of mental illness, focused on natural causes - brain dysfunction and argued stress could influence mental functioning

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18
Q

what is a humour? what are the 4 humours? treatment

A
  • disturbances in bodily fluids
  • excess blood - cheerfulness
  • excess yellow bile - ill temper
  • excess black bile - gloom
  • excess phlegm - restlessness
  • treatment: healthy lifestyle - induce bleeding/vomiting
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19
Q

Plato

A
  • emphasized socio-cultural influences on thought and behaviour
  • believed was not supernatural causes
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20
Q

what did hippocrates believe about dreams?

A
  • thought dreams were important in understanding why a person was suffering from a mental disorder
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21
Q

why did plato believe about dreams?

A

suggested that dreams served to satisfy desires because the inhibiting influences of the higher faculties were not present during sleep

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22
Q

Aristotle

A
  • agreed with theory of 4 humours
  • denied influence of psychology in abnormal behaviour - focused on biology
  • advocated for humane treatment
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23
Q

Egyptians

A
  • humane approach to treatment, created sanitoriums - temples where priests cared for people with mental illness
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24
Q

Rejection of Hipproacates’ views

A

methodism: mental illness as a disorder that resulted either from a constriction of body tissue or from a relaxation of those tissues due to exhaustion
treatment: natural bloodletting, ex. menstruation, haemorrhoid
- believed no difference between physical and mental disorders

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25
Q

Galen

A
  • continued Hippocrates’ work
  • believed two sources of mental disorders: physical and psychological
  • compassionate care
  • believed in warm baths rather than stressful procedures
  • talking a sympathetic listener
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26
Q

Arab World

A
  • continued the Greek/Roman tradition of compassionate care
  • created units to ouse the mentally ill in 800AD
  • Avicenna - emphasized natural causes of mental illness including environmental and psychological causes, used early principles of behaviourism in treatment
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27
Q

Europe in Middle Ages

A
  • some belief in naturalistic causes/treatments for mental illness
    -return to supernatural beliefs about mental illness
    cause= demonic possession,treatment = exorcism
  • mentally ill cared for by clergy
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28
Q

Paracelsus

A
  • rejected idea of supernatural forces or excess bodily fluids as causes of mental illness
  • St. Vitus’ dance - treated with early form of hypnotism
29
Q

Johannes Weyer

A
  • rejected supernatural causes of mental illness
  • believed mental illness has natural causes
  • advocated natural and physical treatment
30
Q

History 1500AD onwards

A
  • people advocated for protection of mentally ill and considered natural causes of mental illness
  • St. Vincent de Paul - asylums were created
  • Teresa of Avila - advocated for mentally ill
31
Q

Phillipe Pinel

A
  • ordered patients to be treated with compassion and be kept in good conditions
32
Q

Dorothea Dix

A
  • better conditions for prison inmates and mentally ill

- campaign resulted in opening of 32 hospitals, including 2 in Canada

33
Q

single factor

A

trace origins of mental illness to one specific factor - tied to researcher’s orientation

34
Q

interactionist factor

A

explain mental illness as product of many interacting factors - more effective theories

35
Q

three essential elements to a good theory

A

1) integrate most of what is known about the phenomena in the simplest way possible
2) generate new testable predictions
3) identify what evidence would indicate the theory is inaccurate

36
Q

3 major areas biological models focused on

A

1) CNS (brain)
2) PNS (sympathetic and parasympathetic system)
3) Endocrine system (hormones)
- all areas are interconnected

37
Q

two parts of PNS

A

somatic NS, autonomic NS

38
Q

autonomic NS two parts

A

parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)

39
Q

what do clusters of neurons form

A

brain circuits

40
Q

what is the ANS involved in

A

fear and anxiety reactions

41
Q

overreactive ANS

A

acquire phobias or other anxiety disorders

42
Q

inflexible system

A

somatic system constantly activated, autonomic system under activated

43
Q

what system is involved with stress, depression and anxiety

A

HPA axis

44
Q

thyroid disregulation

A

cretenism, depression, anxiety

45
Q

cretenism

A

dwarflike appearance and mental retardation

46
Q

hypoglycemia

A

mimics anxiety - pancreas dysfunction

47
Q

Freud’s four factors

A

1) levels of consciousness
2) structures of personality
3) stages of psychosexual development
4) defence mechanisms

48
Q

ID

A

pleasure principle - structure present at birth - demand instant gratification without concern for consequences either to the self or to others

49
Q

Ego

A

reality principle - first year of life - avoidance of pain or discomfort and the maximization of unpunished pleasure

50
Q

Superego

A

moral principle - internalization of the moral standards of society

51
Q

defense mechanisms

A

repression, regression, projection, intellectualization, denial, displacement, reaction formation, sublimation

52
Q

repression

A

burying in the unconscious the unacceptable impulses of the id ex. inability to recall being sexual abused as a child

53
Q

projection

A

attributing one’s own desires to others ex. cheating because everyone cheats

54
Q

intellectualization

A

hiding the real issues behind a screen of abstract analyses ex. criminal appeals for conviction even though did not admit guilt

55
Q

denial

A

refusal to acknowledge an unpleasant reality ex. planning a trip even though told you won’t live longer than two months

56
Q

displacement

A

transfer of feelings from one person to another, less threatening person ex. person humiliated by boss takes anger out on boyfriend

57
Q

reaction formation

A

repressing unacceptable desires by expressing the opposite viewpoint ex. man attract towards women scolds people who are promiscuous

58
Q

sublimation

A

transformation of sexual or aggressive energy into some more acceptable activity ex. Freud thought artists who painted nudes were sublimating their sexual desires

59
Q

Ivan Pavlov experiment

A

UCS - food
UCR - salivation to food
CS - bell
CR - salivation to bell

60
Q

negative reinforcement

A

take something away, making behaviour more likely to occur ex. taking advil makes headache go away

61
Q

positive reinforcement

A

doing something means receiving reward ex. opening freezer door and seeing ice cream

62
Q

positive punishment

A

behaviour is reduced by consequent occurrence of unpleasant experience ex. kids come home late, clean bathroom

63
Q

negative punishment

A

behaviour is reduced following the removal of something desirable ex. kid comes home late, take care away

64
Q

social learning theory

A

most learning occurs from watching others

65
Q

cognitive-behavioral theory

A

reflects the view that both thinking and behaviour are learned and therefore can be changed

66
Q

public stigma

A

typical societal response that people have to stigmatizing attributes

67
Q

self-stigma

A

internalized psychological impact of public stigma

68
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

disorders cannot be understood as resulting from the influence of one factor, be it biological, psychological or social

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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