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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 6 - Dissociative and Somatic Symptoms > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Dissociative and Somatic Symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

What do dissociative disorders include?

A

a wide range of different symptoms that involve severe disruptions in consciousness, memory, and identity

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2
Q

What do somatic symptom disorders include?

A

long-standing beliefs that they have a serious illness, resulting in excessive anxiety and dysfunction

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3
Q

Hysteria

A

emotional excitability and physical symptoms such as convulsions, paralyses, numbness, loss of vision etc. - in the absence of any evident organic cause

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4
Q

What did Plato believe about hysteria? (Ancient Greece)

A

symptoms were caused in women by a wondering womb - believed womb was like an animal that desired to reproduce

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5
Q

Hysteria - Middle Ages

A

supernatural explanations - demonic possession and exorcism was usually the treatment

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6
Q

Pierre Janet

A

viewed breakdown in mental processes occurring as a result of exposure to traumatic experiences

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7
Q

Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud

A

trauma (often as sexual nature) was a pre-disposing factor for hysteria and established a relationship between dissociation and hypnotic-like states

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8
Q

Conversion symptoms - Freud

A

expressions of unconscious psychological symptoms
ex. “conversion” of anxiety is more acceptable physical symptoms relieved the pressure of having to dealing directly with the conflict

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9
Q

primary gain

A

avoidance of conflict - primary reinforcement maintaining the somatic symptoms

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10
Q

secondary gain

A

benefits a patient may either unknowingly or knowingly seek by adopting a sick role

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11
Q

dissociative disorders

A

severe maladaptive disruptions or alterations of identity, memory, and consciousness that are experienced as being beyond one’s control

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12
Q

dissociation

A

lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences in consciousness and memory

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13
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information - no organic impairment

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14
Q

five patterns of memory loss

A

1) localized amnesia
2) selective amnesia
3) generalized amnesia
4) continuous amnesia
5) systematized amnesia

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15
Q

localized amnesia

A

specific period of time is not recalled

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16
Q

selective amnesia

A

certain aspects of the event are not recalled

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17
Q

generalized amnesia

A

all information from the past is not recalled

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18
Q

continuous amnesia

A

from specific time until present is not recalled

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19
Q

systematized amnesia

A

certain types of information is not recalled

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20
Q

which three patterns of memory loss are less common

A

generalized amnesia, continuous amnesia and systematized amnesia - commonly associated with diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder

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21
Q

what is a subtype of dissociative amnesia

A

dissociative fugue

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22
Q

dissociative fugue

A

patient forgets their identity and may move away and assume a new identity - functioning is rarely impaired, linked to trauma

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23
Q

repressed memories

A

memories of traumatic events that a person forgets about/repress

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24
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

dissociation disorder in which the individual has persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization/derealization

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25
depersonalization
sense of unreality and detachment from their own thoughts, feelings, sensations, actions, or body
26
derealization
sense of unreality/detachment from surroundings - experience people or objects in their environment as unreal, dreamlike, foggy or distant
27
when is depersonalization/derealization disorder?
when severe depersonalization is the primary problem
28
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
patient has two or more distinct personality that regularly take control of the patient's behaviour
29
alters
each subsequent personality
30
host
one personality is considered this
31
average number of personalities in DID
13-16
32
when does switching occur in DID
in stressful situations ex argument with spouse
33
age onset of DID
29-35 years old
34
gender differences in DID
3-9x more diagnosable in women than men
35
what are associated features with DID
1) self-harm 2) suicidal/aggressive behaviour 3) childhood trauma 4) family history 5) high hypnotic susceptibility
36
trauma model
dissociative disorders are a result of severe childhood trauma, including sexual, physical and emotional abuse accompanied by personality traits that predispose the individual to employ dissociation as a defence mechanism or coping strategy
37
socio-cognitive model
multiple personality is a form of role-playing in which individuals come to construe themselves as possessing multiple selves and then begin to act in ways consistent with their own or their therapist's conception of the disorder
38
iatrogenic condition
caused by treatment
39
Pseudogenic theory
occurs without any therapy intervention and is the stimulation of symptoms for secondary gain such as financial benefits or legal benefits
40
Psychotherapy steps for DID
1) build rapport 2) coping skills 3) reintegration of personalities
41
hypnosis for DID
popular - to contact alters and to uncover memories of traumatic childhood abuse - criticized now because of retrieving memories and personalities
42
medication for DID
not useful in direct treatment of dissociative disorders - helpful in treating comorbid disorders such as depression and anxiety
43
somatic symptom and related disorders
group of disorders which are presented with physical symptoms along with significant psychological distress and functional impairment
44
Conversion disorder
loss of functioning in a part of their body that appears to be due to a neurological or other medical cause but without any underlying medical abnormalities ex. motor deficits, seizures
45
signs of conversion disorder
abnormal medical readings (ex. EEG), inconstancies over time, unusual symptom patters, symptoms inconsistent with physiology
46
glove anaesthesia
loss of all sensation throughout the hand
47
la belle indifference
nonchalant lack of concern about the nature and implications of one's symptoms
48
somatic symptom disorder
multiple recurrent somatic symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, numbness or indigestion which may or may not be due to a diagnosed medical illness or disease - also have distress or impairment
49
what do patients with somatic symptom disorder act like
worry excessively about healthy, devote excessive time and energy thinking about them - may restrict activities, avoid social events, take sick days a lot etc.
50
what do patients with somatic symptom disorder often display
excessive amount of sensitivity to relatively minor bodily symptoms ex. breathing
51
what is one of the most frequent bodily symptoms associated with somatic symptom disorder
pain
52
somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain
individual must have pain in one or more body sites that is sever enough to cause significant distress or to disrupt the individual's daily life, possibly leading to inability to work, attend school etc.
53
what do patients with somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain run the risk of
becoming dependent on prescription medications such as painkillers or tranquilizers or may develop complications due to overuse of over the counter treatments
54
illness anxiety disorder
patients think the may have a serious medical disease despite the fact that thorough medical examination reveals that there is nothing seriously wrong with them
55
difference between illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder
patients with illness anxiety disorder do not have any significant bodily symptoms and are primarily concerned with the idea that they are ill
56
how long must the preoccupation in illness anxiety disorder must last?
6 months - feared illness may change
57
Factitious Disorder
fake or generate the symptoms of illness or injury to gain medical attention
58
motivation of factitious disorder
to receive sympathy, care and attention
59
factitious disorder imposed on another
individual falsifies illness in another person, most commonly one's own child
60
psychological factors of factitious disorder
cognitive factors, emotions, personality
61
social factors of factitious disorder
early childhood adversity and abuse, reinforcement
62
most common treatment of factitious disorder
CBT
63
emotional techniques for factitious disorder
coping strategies, emotion regulation skills
64
behavioral techniques for factitious disorder
behvaioral activation, reducing "sick role" behavior
65
body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
excessive preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated body disfigurement, sometimes to the point of a delusion
66
BBD vs. OCD
BDD obsessions focus on appearance, greater severity
67
BDD vs. eating disorder
BDD obsessions focus more than just weight and fat
68
BDD vs. psychotic disorders
BDD unlike schizophrenia, no other positive or negative symptoms; unlike delusional disorder - may have insight, engages in "checking behaviours"
69
what do traditional psychoanalytic explanations propose about disorders
conversion of the anxiety associated with unconscious conflicts and unacceptable sexual drives into somatic symptomatology and distress
70
biopsychosocial model
the way the factors interact leads to different disorders
71
when does BDD begin
begins in adolescence and tends to be a chronic disorder
72
gender differences for BDD
women higher rates comorbid eating disorders, men have higher rates of genital preoccupation, muscle dysphoira
73
is cosmetic surgery effective in BDD
no
74
How does CBT make use of cognitive restructuring techniques?
for modifying dysfunctional thoughts, interpretations, preoccupations relating to bodily symptoms and illness, as well as methods for helping patients to identify, understand, and regulate their emotions
75
perceptual retraining
focus on the "whole" aspect
76
ritual prevention
preventing compulsive behaviors

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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