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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 6 - Dissociative and Somatic Symptoms > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Dissociative and Somatic Symptoms Flashcards

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1
Q

What do dissociative disorders include?

A

a wide range of different symptoms that involve severe disruptions in consciousness, memory, and identity

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2
Q

What do somatic symptom disorders include?

A

long-standing beliefs that they have a serious illness, resulting in excessive anxiety and dysfunction

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3
Q

Hysteria

A

emotional excitability and physical symptoms such as convulsions, paralyses, numbness, loss of vision etc. - in the absence of any evident organic cause

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4
Q

What did Plato believe about hysteria? (Ancient Greece)

A

symptoms were caused in women by a wondering womb - believed womb was like an animal that desired to reproduce

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5
Q

Hysteria - Middle Ages

A

supernatural explanations - demonic possession and exorcism was usually the treatment

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6
Q

Pierre Janet

A

viewed breakdown in mental processes occurring as a result of exposure to traumatic experiences

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7
Q

Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud

A

trauma (often as sexual nature) was a pre-disposing factor for hysteria and established a relationship between dissociation and hypnotic-like states

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8
Q

Conversion symptoms - Freud

A

expressions of unconscious psychological symptoms
ex. “conversion” of anxiety is more acceptable physical symptoms relieved the pressure of having to dealing directly with the conflict

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9
Q

primary gain

A

avoidance of conflict - primary reinforcement maintaining the somatic symptoms

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10
Q

secondary gain

A

benefits a patient may either unknowingly or knowingly seek by adopting a sick role

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11
Q

dissociative disorders

A

severe maladaptive disruptions or alterations of identity, memory, and consciousness that are experienced as being beyond one’s control

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12
Q

dissociation

A

lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences in consciousness and memory

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13
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information - no organic impairment

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14
Q

five patterns of memory loss

A

1) localized amnesia
2) selective amnesia
3) generalized amnesia
4) continuous amnesia
5) systematized amnesia

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15
Q

localized amnesia

A

specific period of time is not recalled

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16
Q

selective amnesia

A

certain aspects of the event are not recalled

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17
Q

generalized amnesia

A

all information from the past is not recalled

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18
Q

continuous amnesia

A

from specific time until present is not recalled

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19
Q

systematized amnesia

A

certain types of information is not recalled

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20
Q

which three patterns of memory loss are less common

A

generalized amnesia, continuous amnesia and systematized amnesia - commonly associated with diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder

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21
Q

what is a subtype of dissociative amnesia

A

dissociative fugue

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22
Q

dissociative fugue

A

patient forgets their identity and may move away and assume a new identity - functioning is rarely impaired, linked to trauma

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23
Q

repressed memories

A

memories of traumatic events that a person forgets about/repress

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24
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

dissociation disorder in which the individual has persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization/derealization

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25
Q

depersonalization

A

sense of unreality and detachment from their own thoughts, feelings, sensations, actions, or body

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26
Q

derealization

A

sense of unreality/detachment from surroundings - experience people or objects in their environment as unreal, dreamlike, foggy or distant

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27
Q

when is depersonalization/derealization disorder?

A

when severe depersonalization is the primary problem

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28
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

patient has two or more distinct personality that regularly take control of the patient’s behaviour

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29
Q

alters

A

each subsequent personality

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30
Q

host

A

one personality is considered this

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31
Q

average number of personalities in DID

A

13-16

32
Q

when does switching occur in DID

A

in stressful situations ex argument with spouse

33
Q

age onset of DID

A

29-35 years old

34
Q

gender differences in DID

A

3-9x more diagnosable in women than men

35
Q

what are associated features with DID

A

1) self-harm
2) suicidal/aggressive behaviour
3) childhood trauma
4) family history
5) high hypnotic susceptibility

36
Q

trauma model

A

dissociative disorders are a result of severe childhood trauma, including sexual, physical and emotional abuse accompanied by personality traits that predispose the individual to employ dissociation as a defence mechanism or coping strategy

37
Q

socio-cognitive model

A

multiple personality is a form of role-playing in which individuals come to construe themselves as possessing multiple selves and then begin to act in ways consistent with their own or their therapist’s conception of the disorder

38
Q

iatrogenic condition

A

caused by treatment

39
Q

Pseudogenic theory

A

occurs without any therapy intervention and is the stimulation of symptoms for secondary gain such as financial benefits or legal benefits

40
Q

Psychotherapy steps for DID

A

1) build rapport
2) coping skills
3) reintegration of personalities

41
Q

hypnosis for DID

A

popular - to contact alters and to uncover memories of traumatic childhood abuse - criticized now because of retrieving memories and personalities

42
Q

medication for DID

A

not useful in direct treatment of dissociative disorders - helpful in treating comorbid disorders such as depression and anxiety

43
Q

somatic symptom and related disorders

A

group of disorders which are presented with physical symptoms along with significant psychological distress and functional impairment

44
Q

Conversion disorder

A

loss of functioning in a part of their body that appears to be due to a neurological or other medical cause but without any underlying medical abnormalities ex. motor deficits, seizures

45
Q

signs of conversion disorder

A

abnormal medical readings (ex. EEG), inconstancies over time, unusual symptom patters, symptoms inconsistent with physiology

46
Q

glove anaesthesia

A

loss of all sensation throughout the hand

47
Q

la belle indifference

A

nonchalant lack of concern about the nature and implications of one’s symptoms

48
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

multiple recurrent somatic symptoms such as pain, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, numbness or indigestion which may or may not be due to a diagnosed medical illness or disease - also have distress or impairment

49
Q

what do patients with somatic symptom disorder act like

A

worry excessively about healthy, devote excessive time and energy thinking about them - may restrict activities, avoid social events, take sick days a lot etc.

50
Q

what do patients with somatic symptom disorder often display

A

excessive amount of sensitivity to relatively minor bodily symptoms ex. breathing

51
Q

what is one of the most frequent bodily symptoms associated with somatic symptom disorder

A

pain

52
Q

somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain

A

individual must have pain in one or more body sites that is sever enough to cause significant distress or to disrupt the individual’s daily life, possibly leading to inability to work, attend school etc.

53
Q

what do patients with somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain run the risk of

A

becoming dependent on prescription medications such as painkillers or tranquilizers or may develop complications due to overuse of over the counter treatments

54
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

patients think the may have a serious medical disease despite the fact that thorough medical examination reveals that there is nothing seriously wrong with them

55
Q

difference between illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder

A

patients with illness anxiety disorder do not have any significant bodily symptoms and are primarily concerned with the idea that they are ill

56
Q

how long must the preoccupation in illness anxiety disorder must last?

A

6 months - feared illness may change

57
Q

Factitious Disorder

A

fake or generate the symptoms of illness or injury to gain medical attention

58
Q

motivation of factitious disorder

A

to receive sympathy, care and attention

59
Q

factitious disorder imposed on another

A

individual falsifies illness in another person, most commonly one’s own child

60
Q

psychological factors of factitious disorder

A

cognitive factors, emotions, personality

61
Q

social factors of factitious disorder

A

early childhood adversity and abuse, reinforcement

62
Q

most common treatment of factitious disorder

A

CBT

63
Q

emotional techniques for factitious disorder

A

coping strategies, emotion regulation skills

64
Q

behavioral techniques for factitious disorder

A

behvaioral activation, reducing “sick role” behavior

65
Q

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

A

excessive preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated body disfigurement, sometimes to the point of a delusion

66
Q

BBD vs. OCD

A

BDD obsessions focus on appearance, greater severity

67
Q

BDD vs. eating disorder

A

BDD obsessions focus more than just weight and fat

68
Q

BDD vs. psychotic disorders

A

BDD unlike schizophrenia, no other positive or negative symptoms; unlike delusional disorder - may have insight, engages in “checking behaviours”

69
Q

what do traditional psychoanalytic explanations propose about disorders

A

conversion of the anxiety associated with unconscious conflicts and unacceptable sexual drives into somatic symptomatology and distress

70
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

the way the factors interact leads to different disorders

71
Q

when does BDD begin

A

begins in adolescence and tends to be a chronic disorder

72
Q

gender differences for BDD

A

women higher rates comorbid eating disorders, men have higher rates of genital preoccupation, muscle dysphoira

73
Q

is cosmetic surgery effective in BDD

A

no

74
Q

How does CBT make use of cognitive restructuring techniques?

A

for modifying dysfunctional thoughts, interpretations, preoccupations relating to bodily symptoms and illness, as well as methods for helping patients to identify, understand, and regulate their emotions

75
Q

perceptual retraining

A

focus on the “whole” aspect

76
Q

ritual prevention

A

preventing compulsive behaviors

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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