chapter 7 part 2 CEBTRILISATION OF BOLSHEVIK and social CHANGE Flashcards
what was the cheka and how it came into play
what was the red terror and why
- Lenin uses sovnarkom to make Cheka in 1917, responsible for dealing with law and order and political opposition to bolsheviks – secret police only answerable to Lenin 30k operatives
- They used Cheka to remove opponents of Lenin one by one . After attempt on Lenin’s life in august, leader Dzerzhinsky felix began Ted terror, where anyone working against the revolution would be arrested tortured and executed- WHERE NO ONE WAS BEING HELD BACK
who was killed and how many by 1918
how many died in petrograd
how were the arrests like?
- Ranged from peasants to princes, priests nobles all got it
- These were branded ‘enemies of the state’. 800 in Petrograd executed
- Cheka would be very random and disappearances were often cuz of them, could randomly be arrested and terrifying
- Countryside more active with peasants requisition brigades, killed tsar
- Opponents thrown into gulags and labour camps.
- End of 1918
removed 50k
fear of being arrested was red terror
why so scary but what did it do that allowed lenin to succeed
how many people died by end of civil war.
Basically the were rumours of intense terror surrounding them like burning, toruturing- creating huge terror that meant it was hard TO CRITICISE the government .
- THUS Cheka allowed Lenin to retain power at worst time, when most vulnerable
- End of civil war 200k killed
- Quotas they have to fill, ordinary were victims too
how did lenin overall achieve centralisation of the bolshevik party
- cheka red terror could do dictatorship
- centralisaition of political control
- centralisaiton of economic control theough war and NEP
how was politburo centralisation of government formed
how did politburo become more powerful in future
- Communist party controlled government at every level.
Politburo was the key decision making thing made in 1919. 5 people chosen by central comitee meet day to day that would make decisions that were thought too long to wait for central comitee to meet up…
After civil war Lenin relalised that this centralisation was the way to survive, so a lot of decisions ended coming from the politburo IN THE FUTURE
why lenin philosphy played a part in centrilisation
- after october revolution and civil war lenin saw the threat to oppositon.
- thus he was driing force behind centrilisation and survival
- didnt believe in democracy, said bolshevik party had right to protect people
- civil war meant more decisions needed to be made quickly, so, politburo became way more prominent
when did lenin die and how
- HAD bare strokes and died in may. So he couldn’t take active role in gievemnt for months, so in summer 1922 lead by stalin zinoviev and kamanev.
- Eventually Parilised, he was done
when ussr set up
USSR set up 1922: red army occupied and some Ukraine Georgia who got independence
women changes to social
rights
employment
political involvement
1) LENIN throught property of husband, so made chnages allowing them :divorce, maternity paid, abortion, church weddings replaced with civil marriages
However more divorces after prgansncy, and highest divorce rate in europe now
2)Employment: women employment t became less as ww1 bare employed, civil war they were kicked out to be replaced by men…
3) Political : women sovnarkom set up called Zhenotdel.
- Alexandra Kontakt leader. Didn’t do much though only education etc,
- male chauvinism (idea that they never be as good as men) meant they never got far and women attacked at home for being involved in party work.
changes to education?
1) universal education 9 years. Enlightenmet so curriculum Finley adjusted for learning about communism and revoktuikn, practical . However no homework and discipline= but this lead to lack of it .
- eventually funding meant due to NEP had to close
youth organisations
1) pioneers under 15, trips etc
2) Komsomol younger people 15 to 20s, seiouser, used to enforce propaganda in towns and thought Komsomol was membership for future, so many signed up ….
culture
what was chnage of focus and what protelkult
art, literature,, cinema and stret processions? der umzug
Culture : move away from high art of priveledged class to cultural shift, for proletariat, called PROTELKULT. No more libraries and galleries here etc, but studies and poetry circles exhibitions etc
Art: censored, and SOCIALIST REALISM promoted, ideas of good workers hero workers optimistic etc propaganda , bad life never shown
Writers: everything praised communism , could do anything as a long as it wasn’t counter revolutionary
Cinema : political proganda films on trains PROLETKINO set up to make these
Street precessions : May Day October revolution became festivals, re enactment of winter palace movie etc
