chapter 11 agriculture and collectivisation Flashcards
state of farming?
- Farms still followed primitive methods- not efficient
these were farming strips of land using horse driven wooden loughs
what was collectivisation and when
what was the idea behind it
- Collectivisation 1928 : peasants had to give up theirs own land to form farms with other farmers , making a farm large enough to use modern technology and increase yield
- State would pay farmers that provided fixed amount of produce
- Idea was to create a surplus amount of food in industrial workers, and use extra to sell abroad and make money to fund industrialisation and 5 year plans
- Wanted to Reform country to modern
why he do it?
fear of attack
- he was scared Germany would attack Russia so he needed to prepare them to cope, so needed to modernise if they had a chance so soldiers build up etc . Idea of growing diplomatic isolation that if they modernised they would deter opponents too.
also believed greater control of union and intervention of state would be only hope of survival
current agricultural outpu?
soviet industrialisation production still below the Tsar’s time and NEP didn’t work at all, stalin thought this central approach was only way forward
communist principles
COLLECYIVOSTAION WORKED HAND IN HAND WITH COMMUNIST IDEOLOGIES, WHERE everything was state controlled and also equal
. NEP was allowing kulaks to form large profits and went against communist principles , more importantly didn’t help agricultural output that much either so completely against
political leader problem
Bukharain and right wing tomsky rykov wanted to continue NEP, so his pursuit for this gave him a strengthening position for leader of party if his policy went through
he wanted to control the peasants ?
he wanted to control countryside something Lenin couldn’t do, and
believed these were main people against communism and saw how close they came to destroying Lenin during war communism.
Taking their independence would keep them disciplined finally, or would it?
also for industrialisation
what was problem for stalin about collectivissation
if five year plan succesful, agriculture had to produce surpluses that would be sold abroad to finance inital stages of five year plan
mechanisation cruical because it would RELEASE LARGE NUMBERS OF PEASANTS to the towns, remaining farming and this meant more workers
2)had to produce too much, and this could be impossible UNLESS SOME STARVE
what were NEP problems
what peasnats refused
what happened in 1927 and what did this tell stalin
- peasants knew the extra grain they produced would be given to governemnt so didnt
- GRAIN CRISIS OF 1927-38, here peasants hoarding food due to war scare , but Stalin was keen and made kulaks produce specific quotas of grian. they didn’t, so Stalin knew they had to be controlled in the future
the best way to do this? collectivisation
what else did bolsheviks want it to do to kulaks
get rid of their capitislm and class as a whole, despised by communists
what were two types of farm
1) kolkhoz
how did it get established then what happened
how many villages by 1940 kolkhoz, what did they consistet if
what MTS
who the first employees of MTS
Word for collective farms. Each village had a communist member contol.
once established , Took control, of animals grain and buildings and was CHAIRMAN
- 1940 240k Kolkzhoz villages, 80 peasant families 500 HECTARES of land
- members would have their own private plots of land
- Machinery given tractor
- Machine tractor stations set up 1 for every 40 farms , tractors moved between them
, members of secret place employed here initally in MTS, this how stalin started to take control
what about a Sovkhoz?
what differences and labourers?
- Created from old large estates, all land owned by state, and its own tractors and 3600 hectares of land
- Own tractors unlike kolkhoz
- Peasants paid more here and actually referred to as workers
opposition to it
what ukarian and caucasus , hor many aniamls etc
what did stalin do to retalliate and how manh sent
what was impact of this ?
- Ukwrinw and Caucasus, peasants set fire to farms and slaughtered animals, Rather then giving to state
- 30 milk cows killed out of 60, 16 milk horses out of 34
- Stalin used de kulinaistion squads, Iglu and purged them 10 million TO GULAGS!!!
2)This slowed down collectivisation early on. He blamed keen party members for its rapid start , allowed concessions like some animals each and garden, and then restarted it 1930
what were the effects of it : advantage and disadvantage
1)greatest ever man made famine 32-33
20some decent benefits and mechanisation
3)fall in production initallty (how much) and why
4) farming still inefficent
5) but success for control
1) This caused greater man made famine from 1932 to 33 6- 10 Milli peasnats died
3) Nit bad, some had schools and hospitals, also production and MECHANISATION DID OVERALL increased by 90%
4) Initially collectivisation bad, and seizing grain worse and HERE rural population starved for industry. so the Peasants moved to town for food, and so government included PASSPORTS to stop this, confining peasants to their spots forever .
production fell from 73 to 67 million . 1928 to 34
5) Farming still inefficient : soviet farmers producing less per head then others SUPERPOWERS and had to be purchased from abroad, it was not until 1940 production matched 1914 levels.
- also never evidence to suggest they produced enough food for aborad so overall failure.
6) Success for Stalin as he secured countryside and peasants never rebelled
