Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
associative learning
learning that involves forming associations between stimuli.
behaviourism
the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour.
behaviour modification
a systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning.
classical conditioning
a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.
conditioned response (CR)
a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is acquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.
conditioned taste aversion
a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odour or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea).
conditioning
the association of events in the environment.
continuous reinforcement
what occurs when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs.
dishabituation
a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.
disorder of written expression
a disorder experienced as impairment in the ability to create the written word.
extinction
reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
fixed interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed.
fixed ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses.
habituation
a form of non-associative learning whereby repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response.
higher order conditioning
what occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.
implicit learning
the acquisition of information without awareness.
insight learning
a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.
intermittent or partial reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement where the behaviour is followed by reinforcement only some of the time.
latent learning
a form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.
law of effect
a law that states that behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.
learned helplessness
a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.
mathematics disorder
a deficit in mathematical ability, including the ability to do calculations, as well as the ability to understand mathematical word problems and mathematical concepts.
mirror neurons
neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action.
modelling
what occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another.
natural reflex
an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning.
negative punishment
removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.
negative reinforcement
removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.
non-associative learning
learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli.
observational learning or social learning
learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models.
operant or instrumental conditioning
a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.
phobia
a persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.
