Ch 11 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
affiliation
the need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection.
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder in which individuals under-eat and have a distorted body image of being overweight.
basic emotions
a group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture.
body mass index (BMI)
weight-to-height ratio.
body weight set point
a weight that individuals typically return to even after dieting or overeating.
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder in which individuals binge and then engage in purging-type behaviour.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
a theory proposing that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (that is, bodily arousal) occur simultaneously.
cognitive-mediational theory of emotion
a theory proposing that cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion.
emotion
an intrapersonal state that occurs in response to either an external or an internal event and typically involves a physiological component, a cognitive component, and a behavioural component.
extrinsic motivation
engaging in a behaviour due to the influence of factors outside ourselves.
Facila efference
sensory feedback from facial muscular activity.
facial-feedback theory of emotion
a theory proposing that subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference.
homeostasis
a tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibri
incentives
external motives that indirectly indicate reward.
instincts
inborn behavioural tendencies, activated by stimuli in our environments.
intrinsic motivation
engaging in a behaviour simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it.
James-Lange theory of emotion
a theory proposing that felt emotions result from physiological changes, rather than being their cause.
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
a region of the hypothalamus important in signalling thirst and hunger.
leptin
a protein produced by fat cells that is important for regulating the amount of food eaten over long periods of time.
motivation
an internal state or condition that directs behaviour.
motive
a need or desire.
obesity
overweight characterized as a body mass index of over 30.
Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion
a theory proposing that an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition.
self-determination
instinctive feelings of competence, relatedness, and autonomy that give purpose to life.
ventromedial region of the hypothalamus (VMH)
a region of the hypothalamus important in signalling satiety.
Yerkes-Dodson law
law stating that ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task.
neural circuitry
Hunger passes through neural circuits that pass through the hypothalamus
what hormones increase our hunger?
insulin and ghrelin
normative cues (hunger examples)
- food availability increases hunger
- food variety increases.hunger
- presence of others can affect hunger
- learning processes can increase hunger
Sexual desire
increases in testosterone that occur for both men and women when desire is experienced
Evolutionary theory
argues that sexual behaviour is a function of enhancing our reproductive success; men and women’s sexual behaviours occur in order to ensure that their genes get passed down to the next generation.
Social scripts
the messages and norms that society promotes for men and women differently.
Kinsey was among the first researchers to report that _______ is not an ‘either/or’ choice, but rather ______ can be conceptualized as a continuum whereby an exclusively _______choice is at one end and an exclusively ______choice is at the other.
sexual preference
sexuality
heterosexual
homosexual
Evidence against a purely biological explanation
- men knew from a very young age
- women indicate this was a choice later in life
4 elements of achievement
- Need for achievement
- fear of failure
- perceived probability of success
- incentive value
Needs for achievement
The personality trait, Need for Achievement varies across individuals
fear of failure
how much we fear failure is also considered a stable trait. It can often get in the way of a need to achieve
perceived probability of success
Despite the strength of your need to achieve, situational factors, such as the likelihood we will succeed also affect our motivation.
incentive value
we also ask ourselves whether it’s worth it to put the effort into a particular goal.
Cognitive component:
Conscious understanding of how we feel: “I’m feeling sad”
Evaluation of emotion
Our judgements of our feelings; Is this good/bad/appropriate etc.?
Prediction of emotion
Also known as ‘affective forecasting’; can we predict how we’ll feel in the future.
Culture
Emotions have both universalities across cultures and differences.
Similarities
Primary emotions that can be identified by every culture exist: happy, sad, angry, fear, surprise, disgust
Differences
some emotions are more common to some cultures vs others.
Physiological component
There is a physical reaction when we feel.
Autonomic arousal
Fight/flight arousal will occur in threatening situations
Brain
Various components of the brain are activated when processing emotion
Amygdala
The fast pathway of emotion activates the amygdala; we process conditioned fear here. If the amygdala of a cat is stimulated, they hiss and slash (fighting behaviour).
Pre-frontal cortex
A slower pathway of emotion occurs via the pre-frontal cortex as our ability to self-control emotion is processed here. Recall our pre-frontal cortex is not fully developed before 25, hence our self-control of emotion is difficult until then.
Cingulate cortex
pain-related emotion such as trauma is processed here.
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Pleasure emotions activate this pathway. As it is our reward pathway, pleasure emotions such as love are said to be addictive J
Mirror Neurons
We have neurons that are activated when watching others; these could help to explain our ability to empathize
Behavioural component
We express how we feel in various ways.
Facial Expressions
we have about 80 different muscles in our faces; as such. The Facial feedback hypothesis states that these facial muscles indicate to the brain what we are feeling. Those who ‘put on a happy face’ report feeling happier than those asked to frown.
Display rules
Whether we choose to express these emotions can depend on what we’ve been told about whether it’s appropriate to express emotion. Some cultures allow for more expression than others; some environments (work vs home) may also have different rules
