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psych > Ch 11 - Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Ch 11 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

affiliation

A

the need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection.

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2
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder in which individuals under-eat and have a distorted body image of being overweight.

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3
Q

basic emotions

A

a group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture.

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4
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

weight-to-height ratio.

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5
Q

body weight set point

A

a weight that individuals typically return to even after dieting or overeating.

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6
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder in which individuals binge and then engage in purging-type behaviour.

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7
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

a theory proposing that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (that is, bodily arousal) occur simultaneously.

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8
Q

cognitive-mediational theory of emotion

A

a theory proposing that cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion.

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9
Q

emotion

A

an intrapersonal state that occurs in response to either an external or an internal event and typically involves a physiological component, a cognitive component, and a behavioural component.

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10
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

engaging in a behaviour due to the influence of factors outside ourselves.

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11
Q

Facila efference

A

sensory feedback from facial muscular activity.

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12
Q

facial-feedback theory of emotion

A

a theory proposing that subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference.

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibri

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14
Q

incentives

A

external motives that indirectly indicate reward.

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15
Q

instincts

A

inborn behavioural tendencies, activated by stimuli in our environments.

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16
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

engaging in a behaviour simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it.

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17
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

a theory proposing that felt emotions result from physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

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18
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

a region of the hypothalamus important in signalling thirst and hunger.

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19
Q

leptin

A

a protein produced by fat cells that is important for regulating the amount of food eaten over long periods of time.

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20
Q

motivation

A

an internal state or condition that directs behaviour.

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21
Q

motive

A

a need or desire.

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22
Q

obesity

A

overweight characterized as a body mass index of over 30.

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23
Q

Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion

A

a theory proposing that an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition.

24
Q

self-determination

A

instinctive feelings of competence, relatedness, and autonomy that give purpose to life.

25
Q

ventromedial region of the hypothalamus (VMH)

A

a region of the hypothalamus important in signalling satiety.

26
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

law stating that ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task.

27
Q

neural circuitry

A

Hunger passes through neural circuits that pass through the hypothalamus

28
Q

what hormones increase our hunger?

A

insulin and ghrelin

29
Q

normative cues (hunger examples)

A
  1. food availability increases hunger
  2. food variety increases.hunger
  3. presence of others can affect hunger
  4. learning processes can increase hunger
30
Q

Sexual desire

A

increases in testosterone that occur for both men and women when desire is experienced

31
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

argues that sexual behaviour is a function of enhancing our reproductive success; men and women’s sexual behaviours occur in order to ensure that their genes get passed down to the next generation.

32
Q

Social scripts

A

the messages and norms that society promotes for men and women differently.

33
Q

Kinsey was among the first researchers to report that _______ is not an ‘either/or’ choice, but rather ______ can be conceptualized as a continuum whereby an exclusively _______choice is at one end and an exclusively ______choice is at the other.

A

sexual preference
sexuality
heterosexual
homosexual

34
Q

Evidence against a purely biological explanation

A
  • men knew from a very young age

- women indicate this was a choice later in life

35
Q

4 elements of achievement

A
  1. Need for achievement
  2. fear of failure
  3. perceived probability of success
  4. incentive value
36
Q

Needs for achievement

A

The personality trait, Need for Achievement varies across individuals

37
Q

fear of failure

A

how much we fear failure is also considered a stable trait. It can often get in the way of a need to achieve

38
Q

perceived probability of success

A

Despite the strength of your need to achieve, situational factors, such as the likelihood we will succeed also affect our motivation.

39
Q

incentive value

A

we also ask ourselves whether it’s worth it to put the effort into a particular goal.

40
Q

Cognitive component:

A

Conscious understanding of how we feel: “I’m feeling sad”

41
Q

Evaluation of emotion

A

Our judgements of our feelings; Is this good/bad/appropriate etc.?

42
Q

Prediction of emotion

A

Also known as ‘affective forecasting’; can we predict how we’ll feel in the future.

43
Q

Culture

A

Emotions have both universalities across cultures and differences.

44
Q

Similarities

A

Primary emotions that can be identified by every culture exist: happy, sad, angry, fear, surprise, disgust

45
Q

Differences

A

some emotions are more common to some cultures vs others.

46
Q

Physiological component

A

There is a physical reaction when we feel.

47
Q

Autonomic arousal

A

Fight/flight arousal will occur in threatening situations

48
Q

Brain

A

Various components of the brain are activated when processing emotion

49
Q

Amygdala

A

The fast pathway of emotion activates the amygdala; we process conditioned fear here. If the amygdala of a cat is stimulated, they hiss and slash (fighting behaviour).

50
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

A slower pathway of emotion occurs via the pre-frontal cortex as our ability to self-control emotion is processed here. Recall our pre-frontal cortex is not fully developed before 25, hence our self-control of emotion is difficult until then.

51
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

pain-related emotion such as trauma is processed here.

52
Q

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

Pleasure emotions activate this pathway. As it is our reward pathway, pleasure emotions such as love are said to be addictive J

53
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

We have neurons that are activated when watching others; these could help to explain our ability to empathize

54
Q

Behavioural component

A

We express how we feel in various ways.

55
Q

Facial Expressions

A

we have about 80 different muscles in our faces; as such. The Facial feedback hypothesis states that these facial muscles indicate to the brain what we are feeling. Those who ‘put on a happy face’ report feeling happier than those asked to frown.

56
Q

Display rules

A

Whether we choose to express these emotions can depend on what we’ve been told about whether it’s appropriate to express emotion. Some cultures allow for more expression than others; some environments (work vs home) may also have different rules

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