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psych > Chapter 5 - sensation and perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

is the process through which the senses detect visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain

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2
Q

perception

A

is the process by which sensory info is actively organized and interpreted by the brain

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3
Q

thresholds

A

how much stimulation has to be out there before we can detect that it is there

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4
Q

sensory transduction

A

converting info in environment into neural applications

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A
  • Difference between not being able to perceive a stimulus and being able to just barely perceive it
  • The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
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6
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimal difference between two stimuli necessary for detection of a difference between the two.

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7
Q

JND example

A

Radiology example
○ Have to be able to determine between shading in order to detect the “tumour”
-Notice it’s darker or lighter in certain areas

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8
Q

inequality threshold

A

variation across senses

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9
Q

Sensory Adaptation- “not seeing”

A

○ Become less sensitive to unchanging sensory stimulus overtime
○ Automatic process
○ Allows us to shift attention

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10
Q

two types of processing

A

bottom up and top down

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11
Q

bottom up

A

○ Individual components of stimulus detected by sensory receptors
Bits of info transmitted to areas of the brain to be combined and assembled into a unified whole.

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12
Q

Top down

A

○ Past experiences and knowledge influence our perceptions
○ We find meaningful links between the individual elements taken in by our sensory receptors
○ Use existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, expectations

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13
Q

Perceptual Set:

A

where individuals’ expectations affect their perceptions

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14
Q

Anatomy of Smell

A

○ Olfactory epithelium
○ Olfactory receptor neurons
○ Olfactory bulb

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15
Q

Taste: Sensation

A

Chemical receptors/sensation-independent, “Taste”
○ Chemical receptors = taste buds- consist of several receptor cells
○ Ab 9,000 taste buds grouped in different regions
○ Located on edges & top of tongue
○ Thalamus
○ Prenatal-childhood more

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16
Q

Neuro gustatory

A

study of taste and smell etc

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17
Q

Taste Flavour Gustation Influenced by

A

○ Appearance/ palatability
○ Texture
○ Previous experience

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18
Q

parts of the eye

A 
○ Cornea 
	○ Lens
	○ Retina
	○ Rods
	○ Cones
	○ Fovea
	○ Optic Nerve
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19
Q

optic nerve

A

○ Perceive small part of electromagnetic (EM) spectrum

○ Light waves measured in nanometers (billionths of meter)

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20
Q

Three dimensions of colour vision

A

Hue is the specific colour perceived, wavelengths
○ Brightness refers to the intensity of the light energy that is perceived, ampitutde of a wave
○ Saturation refers to the purity of the colour

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21
Q

Trichromatic theory (young-helmholtz)

A

the manner in which the visual system gives rise to the phenomenological experience of color.

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22
Q

Opponent- Process theory (Herring, 1870)

A 
○ Three cone types
○ Each responds to two different wavelengths-opposing pairs
		○ Red or green
		○ Blue or yellow
		○ Black or white
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23
Q

Dual Process Theory

A

○ Combines trichromatic & opponent-process theories

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24
Q

current view of colour

A

○ 3 types of cones sensitive to short (blue) medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths
○ These cones stimulate opponent- process reactions
○ Opponent processes occur in ganglion cells, neurons in relay stations & visual cortex

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25
Q

dual process theory

A

a metatheoretical framework which posits that the conflict between two types of cognitive processes can explain the majority of human decision-making patterns

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26
Q

Figure-ground

A 
○ Simplest form of organization
○ Have foreground and background
      ○ Figure
- Distinct shape
-More striking
      ○ Figure-ground distinction can be ambiguous
-§ Is the idea behind camouflage
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27
Q

Proximity

A

Elements close together belong together

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28
Q

Continuity

A

Elements linked to form a continuous line, pattern

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29
Q

Closure

A

Close open edges; perceive boundaries; fill in gaps

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30
Q

types of constancy

A

size constancy, shape constancy, brightness constancy

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31
Q

Size constancy

A

○ Ex. Standing on the road, a car is approaching and getting larger, you move out of the way

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32
Q

Shape constancy

A

○ Changing perception of shape

-Ex. If something looks similar to its original shape, we still see the same thing

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33
Q

Brightness constancy

A

Colour, whether you’re in light or dark, far or close

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34
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

interposition, linear perspective, relative size, texture gradient, shadow/shading, motion parallax

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35
Q

Interposition

A

-when one object partly blocks view of another, perceive partially blocked object as farther away

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36
Q

linear perspective

A

○ parallel lines known to be the same distance apart appear to grow closer together, or converge as they recede into the distance

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37
Q

Relative size

A
  • larger objects perceived as being closer, smaller objects as being farther away
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38
Q

Texture gradient

A
  • near objects appear to have sharply defined textures, objects seem smoother and fuzzier as they recede
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39
Q

Shadow/Shading

A

-when light falls on objects, it casts shadows. Can distinguish bulges from indentations by the shadows they cast

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40
Q

Motion parallax

A
  • when riding in a moving vehicle, look out the window

ex. Objects closest (trees, grass) appear to move faster than those in the distance (moon/sun seem stationary)

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41
Q

binocular disparity

A

§ 2 eyes receive different visual images (ex. Close one eye with one finger in front of you)

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42
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

○ Depth perceived with 2 eyes (have 2 for a reason)
§ Gives exquisite depth perception
○ Visual depth cues that depend on both eyes working together

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43
Q

Convergence

A

Feedback from ocular muscles when focusing on something distant and then close

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44
Q

2 characteristics for sound

A

frequency, amplitude

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45
Q

Frequency

A
  • # of cycles per second (Hz per second we hear

- Related to pitch of sound we hear (2000 - 5000 Hz)

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46
Q

amplitude

A
  • Amount of compression + expansion of molecules
  • Related to ‘loudness’ we perceive
  • Measured in decibels (dB)
  • Normal conversation about 65dB; rock band about 120 dB
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47
Q

Outer ear

A

○ Pinna (part you use for earrings + sunglasses)
§ Directs sound into ear canal
○ Auditory canal (where sound enters)
Eardrum (sound causes it to vibrate)

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48
Q

Middle

-Ossicles

A
  • Vibration causes malleus, incus, stapes (3 tiny bones) to vibrate
  • Amplify sound more than 30X
  • Cause oval window to move in and out
49
Q

inner

-Cochlea

A

-Houses basilar membrane - which moves as oval window moves (fluid)
-Contains hair cells = sound receptors
-Hair cells synapse with auditory nerve
-Send impulses to auditory relay station thalamus - then to auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
-Tonotopic
□ Organization of auditory cortex
-Parts of cochlea map to parts of cortex

50
Q

Place theory

A

each individual pitch is determined by particular spot/place along basilar membrane of cochlea that vibrates the most

51
Q

Frequency/Temporal Theory

A
  • hair cell receptors vibrate (action potentials) the same number of times per second as the sounds that reach them
52
Q

current understanding of both theories (FTT & PT)

A
  • Both theories have flaws and both have some merit

* Blend of the two is accepted now (emphasis on place-tonotopic)

53
Q

Timing of sounds

A

○ Sounds arrive at closest ear first

○ Use differences in arrival time

54
Q

Conduction deafness

A

○ Involves mechanical system of hearing

-Ex. Punctured eardrum, loss of function of bones of middle ear

55
Q

Nerve deafness

A
  • Involves damaged receptors/nerve

- Exposure to loud sounds can damage hair cells

56
Q

Pain

A

○ Gate control theory

- Fast and slow pathways
- Block
- Spine : now brain
57
Q

Intensity of sound

A

○ Sound arriving at closest ear will be more intense

○ Use differences in intensities

58
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

-info from tendons, muscles and joints about
○ Position of body parts in relation to each other
○ Movement of the entire body and/or its parts

59
Q

Vestibular sense

A
  • detects movement
  • Provides info about body’s orientation in space
  • Receptors in vestibular apparatus of inner ear
60
Q

Critical periods

A

age where experiences MUST occur

61
Q

Sensitive periods

A

optimal age range (where it should occur, but can be caught up later)

62
Q

Continuity vs discontinuity

A

-How you are at one point in your life significantly changes … you can never go back (discontinuous)

63
Q

visually mapping change (5)

A

no change, continuous, stages, inverted U-shape, U-shape function

64
Q

two types of research design

A

longitudinal and cross-section

65
Q

Longitudinal

A

-Test same cohort at different times

Ex. Gifted people were observed from early life to 60yrs old

66
Q

Cross-section

A

○ Compare different ages at the same time

67
Q

pros and cons :longitudinal

A

Pros

- Follow someone, you know what their life looked like before and after a change
    - Real conclusions about development

Cons

      - Time consuming
  - People drop out (move, die)
  - Generalizability (all people? Just this group?)
      - Same people (reduces variability across samples)
68
Q

Pros and cons : cross-section

A 
○ Pros
			§ Data from many age groups
			§ Fast
		○ Con: cohort effects
			§ Different experiences, cultural changes, environmental changes
				□ Ex. iPad, cloud now prevalent
		○ Solution
69
Q

Genotype

A

genetic “blueprint” and genetic expression

70
Q

Phenotype

A

expressed, what you visually see

71
Q

Chromosomes

A

strands of DNA

72
Q

Alleles

A

genes that align
○ Homozygous (same for both parents)
○ Heterozygous (different from each parent)

73
Q

three stages of prenatal development

A
  1. germinal stage
  2. embryonic stage
  3. fetal stage
74
Q

germinal

A

-Zygote (ab 1 week)

Blastocyst attaches to uterine wall (placenta)

75
Q

embryonic stage

A
  • 2nd - 8th week

- Placenta + umbilical cord develop - basic systems

76
Q

○ Fetal stage

A
  • Begins 9th week
  • Refinement, growth
  • Brain development
77
Q

3 environmental influences

A

teratogens, maternal malnutrition, maternal stress

78
Q

Teratogens

A

§ Environmental agents that can cause abnormal development
□ When soldiers went away and got a virus, brought it back, and it infected children
□ Radiation
□ Morning after pill at one point caused hands to be underdeveloped

79
Q

Maternal malnutrition

A

§ Miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth impaired brain development
□ Folic acid is needed within the firs 28 days
□ Some moms do not have access to the most nutritious foods

80
Q

Maternal stress (stress hormones)

A

-Premature birth, infant irritability, attentional deficits

Bad mental health

81
Q

3 types of physical development

A

Maturation, Cephalocaudal principle, Proximodistal Principle

82
Q

Cephalocaudal principle

A
  • Development proceeds from head to foot

- Head is large

83
Q

Proximodistal Principle

A

○ Development proceed from innermost to outermost

-Arm before fingers

84
Q

absolute pitch

A

the ability to recognize or produce any note on a musical scale.

85
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste.

86
Q

anosmia

A

inability to smell.

87
Q

basilar membrane

A

structure in the cochlea where the hair cells are located.

88
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors responsive to colours.

89
Q

endorphins

A

belong to a naturally occurring class of opiates that reduce pain in the nervous system.

90
Q

endorphins

A

belong to a naturally occurring class of opiates that reduce pain in the nervous system.

91
Q

fovea

A

centre of the retina, containing only cones, where vision is most clear.

92
Q

free nerve endings

A

sensory receptors that convert physical stimuli into touch, pressure, or pain impulses.

93
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

theory that certain patterns of neural activity can close a “gate” to keep pain information from travelling to parts of the brain where it is perceived.

94
Q

gustatory sense

A

our sense of taste.

95
Q

hair cells

A

sensory receptors that convert sound waves into neural impulses.

96
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

sensory receptors that convert physical stimuli about sensory touch on the fingertips, lips, and palms.

97
Q

Merkel’s discs

A

sensory receptors that convert information about light to moderate pressure on the skin.

98
Q

monocular cues

A

visual clues about depth and distance that can be perceived using information from only one eye

99
Q

odorants

A

airborne chemicals that are detected as odours.

100
Q

olfactory bulb

A

the first region where olfactory information reaches the brain on its way from the nose.

101
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

sensory receptor cells that convert chemical signals from odorants into neural impulses that travel to the brain.

102
Q

ossicles

A

tiny bones in the ear called the maleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup).

103
Q

oval window

A

a membrane separating the ossicles and the inner ear, deflection of which causes a wave to form in the cochlea.

104
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

sensory receptors that respond to vibrations and heavy pressure.

105
Q

papillae

A

bumps on the tongue that contain clumps of taste buds.

106
Q

perceptual constancies

A

our top-down tendency to view objects as unchanging, despite shifts in the environmental stimuli we receive.

107
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to interpret a certain stimulus in a certain way.

108
Q

retina

A

a specialized sheet of nerve cells in the back of the eye containing the sensory receptors for vision.

109
Q

retinal disparity

A

the slight difference in images processed by the retinas of each eye.

110
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors most responsive to levels of light and dark.

111
Q

Ruffini’s end-organs

A

sensory receptors that respond to heavy pressure and joint movement.

112
Q

sensation

A

the act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli.

113
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response.

114
Q

sensory transduction

A

the process of converting a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

115
Q

sound waves

A

vibrations of the air in the frequency of hearing.

116
Q

taste buds

A

clusters of sensory receptor cells that convert chemical signals from food into neural impulses that travel to the brain.

117
Q

tonotopic map

A

representation in the auditory cortex of different sound frequencies.

118
Q

transduction

A

process that involves converting stimulus energy into neural impulses that can be interpreted by the brain.

119
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the ear drum.

psych (18 decks)

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