ch 8- Memory Flashcards
Shallow processing
occurs when you encode the structure of the stimuli; for example, whether letters are in capitals or not
Intermediate processing
occurs when you encode what a word sounds like (phonemic); for instance, do two words rhyme, or, recognizing patterns of angles in order to perceive an object is a car.
Deep processing
is where we encode meaning (semantic); the more you attach meaning to something, the more efficiently it will be encoded.
deep processing techniques
- elaboration
- visual imagery
- self-referent encoding
- organization
Self-referent encoding
is where you make information relevant to you.
Visual imagery
where you use images to convey meaning.
Sensory memory
is a sort of holding bin, where we decide, using selective attention, what to keep and what to throw away.
The phonological rehearsal loop
Rehearsal is still required to keep information from leaving
the visuospatial sketchpad
We hold and manipulate visual images e.g., trying to picture how your furniture would look reorganized
The executive control system
Controls attention, switching attention between tasks
The episodic buffer
Interface between working memory and long-term memory
Schemas
are organized clusters of information based on previous experiences/expectations
Semantic networks
are kind of like the conceptual hierarchies but are links between related concepts that are linked because of your own personal experiences.
The Parallel distributed processing model
states that memories depend not on a physical code on your brain’s surface, but patterns of activated networks.
Retrieval cues
stimuli that help us gain access to our memories
encoding specificity for context
There is encoding specificity for context whereby one cue for retrieval is the environment in which you encoded the information
encoding specificity for mood/state
whereby being in the same mood you were when you encoded information helps to cue its retrieval.
Misinformation effect
the recall of events that are altered by misleading information
Source monitoring
where we monitor where the memory came from.
Alzheimer’s disease
most common form of dementia, usually beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and problems in language, and progressing to difficulty with even simple tasks and recall of long-held memories.
amnestic disorders
organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom.
anterograde amnesia
ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event.
automatic processing
Whether we choose to express these emotions can depend on what we’ve been told about whether it’s appropriate to express emotion. Some cultures allow for more expression than others; some environments (work vs home) may also have different rules
chunking
grouping bits of information together to enhance ability to hold that information in working memory.
context
the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely you will be able to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context.
decay theory
theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long periods of time.
dementia
severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function, such as abstract thinking or language.
effortful processing
encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort.
encoding
a basic activity of memory, involving the recording of information in our brain.
encoding specificity principle
a theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding.
