Ch 13- social psychology

Question 1

halo effect

Answer 1

those who are physically attractive are considered to have more positive qualities: they are considered nicer, more well-adjusted psychologically, more competent and honest.

Question 2

schemas

Answer 2

Our expectations about the type of person someone is, or what a particular experience should be, affects our impression.

Question 3

Attributions

Answer 3

are the inferences that people make about what causes behaviour.

Question 4

The most common ways we define others’ behaviour is in terms of whether it’s an _____ or an ______ cause.

Answer 4

1. internal (dispositional)

2. external (situational)

Question 5

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 5

the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people.

Question 6

Defensive attributions

Answer 6

we blame victims for their predicament.

Question 7

Self-serving bias

Answer 7

we attribute our failures to situational factors and our successes to dispositional factors

Question 8

Actor-observer bias

Answer 8

the discrepancy between how we explain other people’s behaviour (dispositionally) and how we explain our own behaviour (situationally).

Question 9

ex of self-serving bias

Answer 9

If you fail an exam, you might say, “I was too stressed”. If you do well, you instead say, “I’m awesome!!!”

Question 10

ex of Actor observer bias

Answer 10

“Smokers are weak; I’m just smoking because I’m stressed”

Question 11

Collectivist cultures are those who put group goals ahead of ________-

Answer 11

one’s own individual goals (Eastern cultures).

Question 12

Collectivists are less likely to make the ________ error and commit _____ than North Americans, who tend to be individualistic (focusing on one’s own goals over the group).

Answer 12

1. fundamental attribution

2. self-serving bias

Question 13

the ABC’s of attitudes:

Answer 13

A = affect; B = behaviour and C = cognition.

Question 14

cognitive component

Answer 14

beliefs, ideas

Question 15

affective component

Answer 15

emotions, feelings

Question 16

behavioural component

Answer 16

predispositions to act

Question 17

Measuring attitudes can be done what two ways?

Answer 17

1. explicitly

2. implicitly

Question 18

explicitly

Answer 18

using self-report measures to assess our conscious attitudes

Question 19

implicitly

Answer 19

using more subtle, covert ways, detectable only through automatic or unobtrusive measures.

Question 20

Implicit Association Task (IAT)

Answer 20

The theory behind it is that we have quicker reaction times to things we like or agree with.

Question 21

Many studies show a difference on implicit measures compared to explicit measures; we may be _____ , but ______.

Answer 21

1. explicitly non-prejudiced

2. implicitly prejudiced

Question 22

aggression

Answer 22

a broad range of behaviours intended to harm others.

Question 23

altruism

Answer 23

self-sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others.

Question 24

cognitive dissonance

Answer 24

a state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour.

Question 25

conformity

Answer 25

the tendency to yield to social pressure.

Question 26

group

Answer 26

an organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of and influence one another and share a common identity.

Question 27

group polarization

Answer 27

the intensification of an initial tendency of individual group members brought about by group discussion.

Question 28

implicit attitude

Answer 28

an attitude of which the person is unaware.

Question 29

norms

Answer 29

social rules about how members of a society are expected to act.

Question 30

obedience

Answer 30

the act of following direct commands, usually given by an authority figure.

Question 31

prejudice

Answer 31

negative and unjust feelings about individuals based on their inclusion in a particular group.

Question 32

self-perception theory

Answer 32

a theory suggesting that when people are uncertain of their attitudes, they infer what the attitudes are by observing their own behaviour.

Question 33

social cognition

Answer 33

the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.

Question 34

social facilitation

Answer 34

an effect in which the presence of others enhances performance.

Question 35

social identity theory

Answer 35

a theory that emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice.

Question 36

social loafing

Answer 36

a phenomenon in which people exert less effort on a collective task than they would on a comparable individual task; also known as free riding.

Question 37

social psychology

Answer 37

an area of psychology that seeks to understand, explain, and predict how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

Question 38

stereotypes

Answer 38

fixed overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about a person or a group of people based on assumptions about the group

Question 39

triangular theory of love

Answer 39

a theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that love is composed of three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Question 40

A stressor may be ____ (short term) or ____ (long term).

Answer 40

1. acute

2. chronic

Question 41

People may experience stress as what

Answer 41

frustration, pressure, conflict, or danger

Question 42

Kinds of stressors include

Answer 42

1. include daily hassles
2. life changes
3. traumatic events
4. chronic negative situations
5. special socio-cultural conditions.

Question 43

There are two main physiological pathways of stress

Answer 43

1. the sympathetic nervous system

2. the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Question 44

Hans Selye first described the effects of chronic stress, which he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). what are the three stages:

Answer 44

1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion.

Question 45

The more stress a person experiences, the more ____ the emotions.

Answer 45

negative

Question 46

the ___ justifiable the inconsistency is, the less ____ there will be

Answer 46

1. more

2. dissonance

Question 47

the ____ justifiable the inconsistency, the more ___ there is, which leads to more attitude change

Answer 47

1. less

2. dissonance

Question 48

effort justification

Answer 48

if we put a lot of effort into something, we’ll claim to like it even more than if we hadn’t put effort into it

Question 49

conformity will increase with various factors:

Answer 49

the larger the group, the greater the conformity, and the more group unanimity the more conformity

Question 50

Bystander effect

Answer 50

whereby help becomes less likely when people are in groups versus alone

Question 51

diffusion of responsibility,

Answer 51

where you think someone else will help

Question 52

Groupthink

Answer 52

is a common organizational phenomenon whereby a group will suppress critical thinking due to group cohesiveness.

Question 53

A group can pressure dissenters into agreeing with them, and signs this could be happening in a group near you are:

Answer 53

1. Illusion of invulnerability
2. Collective rationalization
3. Belief in inherent morality of the group
4. Stereotypes of out groups
5. Direct pressure on dissenters
6. Self-censorship
   Illusion of unanimity
7. Self-appointed mind guards

Question 54

matching hypothesis

Answer 54

whereby people tend to like those of equal attractiveness

Question 55

Love has been distinguished as ______ (this is the trust, and intimacy type) vs ____ (this is the attraction and sex type).

Answer 55

1. compassionate

2. passionate

Question 56

Passionate love activates the same brain areas as _____

Answer 56

addiction.

Question 57

4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse as argument strategies that should be avoided:

Answer 57

1. being critical of your partner
2. contempt (humiliating your partner)
3. being defensive
4. stonewalling (disengaging in an argument).