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psych > Ch 9 - Language and Thought > Flashcards

Ch 9 - Language and Thought Flashcards

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1
Q

agrammatism

A

a neurological condition arising from damage to a brain region just anterior to Broca’s area, where the patient is incapable of using words in grammatical sequence.

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2
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging easily-recalled events as more common.

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3
Q

bounded rationality

A

the fact that in many situations, our ability to make clear rational decisions is limited or “bounded” by things like a lack of information, time constraints, or emotions attached to aspects of the problem we are trying to solve.

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4
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

a neurological condition arising from damage to Broca’s area where the patient is unable to produce coherent speech.

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5
Q

Broca’s area

A

a brain region located in the frontal lobe that is important for speech production.

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6
Q

child-directed speech

A

speech characterized by exaggerated emotional responses and a slower pace that is cross-culturally common among caregivers communicating with babies and young children.

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7
Q

cognition

A

mental processes of thinking and knowing.

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8
Q

cognitive control

A

the ability to direct thought in accord with one’s intentions.

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9
Q

decision making

A

evaluating and choosing from among options.

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10
Q

dysexecutive syndrome

A

impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activities.

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11
Q

executive function

A

the brain’s ability to control and manage the mental processing of information.

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12
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to view objects as having only one function.

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13
Q

heuristic

A

a shortcut thinking strategy.

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14
Q

lexical meaning

A

dictionary meaning of a word.

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15
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

hypothesis suggesting that the vocabulary available for objects or concepts in a language influences how speakers of that language think about them.

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16
Q

mental imagery

A

picturing things in your mind.

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17
Q

mental set

A

tendency to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.

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18
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about one’s own thoughts.

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19
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest units of a language that convey meaning.

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20
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a mental disorder associated with abnormal anxiety-provoking thoughts that can lead to ritualistic behaviours.

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21
Q

overregularization

A

the process by which elementary school children over-apply newly learned grammatical rules to improperly “correct” an irregular part of speech, such as a verb (e.g., “goed” instead of “went”).

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22
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound in a language; an individual sound such as ba, da, or ta

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23
Q

phonology

A

the study of how individual sounds or phonemes are used to produce language.

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24
Q

pragmatics

A

the practical aspects of language usage, including speech pace, gesturing, and body language.

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25
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

the assumption that individuals share characteristics of the category of which they are a member.

26
Q

schizophrenia

A

a mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality, and sometimes auditory hallucinations.

27
Q

semantics

A

the study of how meaning in language is constructed of individual words and sentences.

28
Q

sensitive period

A

a point in development during which the brain is more susceptible to influences.

29
Q

speech

A

the expression of language through sounds.

30
Q

syntax

A

the system for using words (semantics) and word order to convey meaning (grammar).

31
Q

telegraphic speech

A

speech that consists of minimalistic sentences; characterizes early toddlerhood and is the first evidence of sentence formation.

32
Q

theory of mind

A

an awareness of one’s own mental states and the mental states of others.

33
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

a neurological condition associated with damage to Wernicke’s area where a person cannot understand language.

34
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a brain region located in the temporal lobe that is important for language comprehension.

35
Q

symbolic

A

Sounds/words, and now emojis represent things in our world e.g., bell= class change; sound of “tsk-tsk’ = shame

36
Q

Generative

A

Symbols can be combined to generate new meanings

37
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound that can be distinguished e.g., “p” sound in “pansy”; “ng” sound in “string”

38
Q

Words

A

unit of sound with meaning. Can be combined with morphemes to generate new words (un+real)

39
Q

Phases/sentences

A

rules for arranging words into sentences = syntax

40
Q

overextensionerrors

A

whereby they apply a word to a wider category than it should be applied to.

41
Q

overextension error example

A

might use the word ‘doggie’ to apply to all pets

42
Q

underextensionerrors

A

whereby they apply a word to a narrower category than it should be applied to.

43
Q

Underextension error example

A

may think the word cat refers only to the family cat, but not a cat outside the house

44
Q

telegraphic speech

A

whereby children begin to use 2-3 word combinations, using the most necessary words.

45
Q

overregulations

A

-over-applying grammar rules.For instance, while adding the suffix ‘ed’ to imply past tense is often correct (e.g., I gratedthe cheese), children often apply it incorrectly

46
Q

Overregulations example

A

“I goedto the zoo” or, “two mans”

47
Q

Whorf hypothesis

A

argues that language determines our ability to express thought.

48
Q

4 Barrier of problem solving

A
  1. Irrelevant information
  2. functional fixedness
  3. mental sets
  4. unnecessary constraints
49
Q

Irrelevant information

A

Focusing on the irrelevant information distracts us from processing the relevant information.

50
Q

Functional fixedness

A

occurs when we think of an item in terms of its most common use rather than having other functions

51
Q

Unnecessary constraints

A

we put constraints on a problem that may not necessarily have to be there, and if we remove them, we could resolve the problem.

52
Q

6 techniques to get around barriers of problems

A
  1. algorithm
  2. sub-goal
  3. work backwards
  4. analogies
  5. changing the representation
  6. incubation effect
53
Q

algorithm

A

is a step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives

54
Q

Sub-goals

A

break down the problem into tasks

55
Q

Work backwards

A

This is an important tactic forprospective thinking, whereby you have to think ahead in the future to understand what is required of you now.

56
Q

Analogies

A

transferring information from one source to another

57
Q

Incubation effect

A

solutions arise after time away from a problem

58
Q

humans tend to have what 4 cognitive biases

A
  1. availability heuristic
  2. representative heuristic
  3. confirmation bias
  4. framing bias
59
Q

availability heuristic

A

the more available something is in our mind, the more common we think it is

60
Q

representative heuristic

A

we think one event is representative of all events- stereotypes

61
Q

Confirmation bias

A

we seek out information that confirms our beliefs

62
Q

Framing Bias

A

how choices are structured affects our decision

psych (18 decks)

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