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Psychology > Chapter 7: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning (aka Pavlovian conditioning)

A

association between 2 previously unrelated stimuli

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3
Q

Operant conditioning (aka instrumental conditioning)

A

association between acts and their consequences

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4
Q

Consequences

A

effects that follow a response

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5
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Pavlov was a Russian doctor who initially was studying digestion
• Used dogs to study salivation when dogs were presented with meat powder

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6
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not evoke a response

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7
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response

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8
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Pavlov’s Experiments

A

Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus, US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UR). However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not.

During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial learning stage in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place
• In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus. (half a second before)

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13
Q

Higher Order Conditioning

A

a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning

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14
Q

Expectancy

A

expectation about how events are interconnected

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15
Q

Extinction

A

When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction.

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16
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.

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17
Q

Generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Phobia

A

intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a specific situation or object

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20
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response

A

learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus

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21
Q

Desensitization

A

exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed

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22
Q

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

A

learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another’s emotional reactions

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23
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

n a famous experiment conducted by (Watson & Raynor, 1920) Little Albert was trained through classical conditioning to fear a rat.

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24
Q

A stimulus that does NOT cause a relevant reaction or response before
conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus

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25
Q

A stimulus that causes an involuntary

reflexive response

A

Unconditioned stimulus

26
Q

A reaction or response that is not

learned. It is innate or something you are born with.

A

Unconditioned response

27
Q

In Pavlov’s study, what the bell is called after conditioning or learning
takes place.

A

Unconditioned response??

28
Q

In Pavlov’s study, what is the meat

powder referred to as?

A

Unconditioned stimulus??

29
Q

A type of classical conditioning where a second neutral stimulus is associated
with a conditioned stimulus.

A

Higher order conditioning

30
Q

Operant conditioning

A

the process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences

31
Q

Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

“Behavior is controlled by their consequences.”

32
Q

Law of Effect

A

actions that lead to a “satisfying state

of affairs” are more likely to be repeated

33
Q

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

A

Foremost proponent of behaviorism. •Worked with pigeons in his “Skinner Box.”

34
Q

Operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or wate

35
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

something pleasant that is given and that makes the preceding behavior (the target response) more likely to occur in the future

36
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the removal of something unpleasant that makes the preceding behavior more likely to occur in the future

37
Q

Operant extinction

A

When learned responses that are NOT reinforced gradually fade awa

38
Q

Operant reinforcement works best when it is

A

response contingent – it must be given only after a desired response has occurred.

39
Q

Punishment

A

an unpleasant event that makes the preceding behavior less likely to occur in the future

40
Q

Positive Punishment

A

give something to decrease behavior

41
Q

Negative Punishment

A

take something away to decrease behavior

42
Q

Operant reinforcement is most effective when

A

given immediately after a correct response

43
Q

Superstitious Behavior

A

Behavior that is repeated to produce reinforcement, even though it is not necessary

44
Q

Shaping

A

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations

45
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

nonlearned and natural; satisfies biological needs

46
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

learned reinforcer (money, grades, approval)

47
Q

Token Reinforcer

A

tangible secondary reinforcer (money, gold stars, poker chips)

48
Q

Social Reinforcer

A

learned desires for attention and approval

49
Q

Premack principle

A

a more probable activity can be used to reinforce a less probable one

50
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

a reinforcer follows every correct response

51
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

a pattern in which only a portion of all responses will be reinforced

52
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

a rule or plan for determining which responses will be reinforced

53
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

A

A set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer.
– produce very high response rates

54
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

A

Varied number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer.
– greatest resistance to extinction

55
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

A

The first correct response made after a certain amount of time has elapsed is reinforced
– produces moderate response rate

56
Q

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

A

Reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time
– tremendous resistance to extinction

57
Q

Stimulus Control

A

Stimuli that consistently precede a rewarded response tend to influence when and where the response will occur

58
Q

Discriminative stimuli

A

Stimuli that precede reinforced and non-reinforced responses.

59
Q

Operant Stimulus Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement

60
Q

Operant Stimulus Discrimination

A

One learns to differentiate between the stimuli that signal either an upcoming reward or a nonreward condition

Psychology (14 decks)

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