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Psychology > Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities

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2
Q

Heredity (Nature)

A

transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through genes

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3
Q

Environment (Nurture)

A

all external conditions that affect development

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4
Q

Sensitive Periods

A

a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences

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5
Q

Congenital Problem

A

a problem or defect that occurs during prenatal development

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6
Q

maternal nutrition

A

malnutrition linked to infant apathy, irritability, and reduced immune responses

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7
Q

maternal drug use

A

tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and illegal drugs

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8
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

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9
Q

maternal illness

A

syphilis, mumps, genital herpes, severe influenza

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10
Q

adaptive problems

A

issues that ancestors had to successfully deal with in order to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

adaptations

A

evolved solutions to such problems (adaptive)

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12
Q

teratogens

A

substances that cause defects in the developing embryo
(viruses, radiation, and chemicals)

Many plants produce toxins as a defense against predators and our taste buds have evolved to sense this
Not a big problem as an adult; HUGE problem as an embryo though

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13
Q

Margie Profet’s Hypothesis

A

pregnancy sickness is an adaptation to prevent the ingestion of teratogens.
Food aversions, nausea, ans vomiting
Most repugnant food= the most toxic
Pregnancy sickness occurs when fetus is most vulnerable

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14
Q

Quality of Attachment

A

Ainsworth studied attachment using separation anxiety as a measure

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15
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

Crying and signs of fear when a child is left alone or is with a stranger

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16
Q

Secure

A

stable and positive emotional bond; upset by mother’s absence

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17
Q

Insecure-Avoidant

A

tendency to avoid reunion with parent or caregiver

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18
Q

Insecure-Ambivalent

A

desire to be with parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited (unsure of stability)

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19
Q

Separation anxiety peaks at

A

13 months of age,regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care
(age when children start to walk)

20
Q

Harlow’s Monkey Study

A

• Harlow built 2 “mothers”
• Mother 1: bare, bony wire mesh w/ a bottle of milk built into it - food but NO comfort
• Mother 2: fuzzy terry cloth with a light bulb built-in that provided warmth - comfort but NO milk
Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed.

21
Q

Authoritarian Parents

A

enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority

22
Q

Overly Permissive

A

Give little guidance. Allow too much freedom, or don’t hold children accountable for their actions

23
Q

Authoritative

A

provide firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection

24
Q

Power assertion

A

using physical punishment or a show of force

25
Q

Withdrawal of Love

A

withholding affection; refusing to speak to a child or threatening to leave

26
Q

Management Techniques

A

combine praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to encourage desirable

27
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Stages of Moral Development

28
Q

Moral Development

A

When we acquire values, beliefs, and thinking abilities that guide responsible behavior

29
Q

Preconventional

A

(1) moral thinking guided by consequences of actions

30
Q

Conventional

A

(2) reasoning based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values

31
Q

Postconventional

A

(3) follows self-accepted moral principles

32
Q

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas

A
  • Stage One: Trust versus Mistrust (Birth-1): Children are completely dependent on others
  • Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3): Doing things for themselves vs. overprotective parents.
  • Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3-5): Encourage and support the child in their interests vs. criticizing
  • Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6-12): Praised for productive activities
  • Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role Confusion: Adolescents; “Who am I?”
  • Stage Six (Young adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation: Able care about others vs. feeling alone
  • Stage Seven (Middle adulthood): Generativity versus Stagnation: Guiding next generation
  • Stage Eight (Late adulthood): Integrity versus Despair: Self-respect vs. regret
33
Q

Jean Piaget

A

believed that all children passed through a set series of stages during their intellectual development.

34
Q

Schema

A

a mental framework centering on a specific theme, that helps us to organize social information

35
Q

Assimilation

A

the process of incorporating new experiences into already existing schemas

36
Q

Accommodation

A

the process of incorporating new experiences into new and different schemas

37
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.
Children older than 6 months begin to grasp object permanence – the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

38
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

(2-7 Years): Children begin to use language, but their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric.

39
Q

Intuitive

A

makes little use of reasoning and logic

40
Q

Egocentric Thought

A

thought that is unable to accommodate viewpoints of others

41
Q

Animism

A

the belief that all things are living, just like oneself

42
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

(7-11Years): Children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number BUT in ways that remain simplified and concrete, not abstract.

43
Q

Conservation

A

Mass, weight, and volume remain unchanged when the shape or appearance of objects changes

44
Q

Formal Operations Stage

A

(11 Years and Up): Thinking now includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas

45
Q

Abstract ideas

A

child is able to understand difficult abstract concepts such as love and prejudice

46
Q

Hypothetical Possibilities

A

Hypothetical or “what if” thinking is present for the first time

Psychology (14 decks)

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