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Psychology > Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychology Studies > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychology Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Psyche

A

Mind

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3
Q

Logos

A

Knowledge

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4
Q

Behavior

A

Overt; can be directly observed

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5
Q

Mental processes

A

Covert; cannot be directly observed

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6
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Information gathered from direct observation

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7
Q

Behaviorism/Learning

A

How the consequences of our overt actions shape our future behavior(s)

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8
Q

Development

A

Course of human growth and development (“womb to tomb”)

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9
Q

Personality

A

Traits, motivations, and individual differences

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10
Q

Sensation and Perception

A

How we come to know the world through our five senses

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

How reasoning, problem solving, and other mental processes relate to human behavior

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12
Q

Social

A

How people think, act, and feel in the presence of others

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13
Q

Industrial/Organizational

A

Apply psychology in the workplace

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14
Q

Evolutionary

A

How our behavior is guided by patterns that evolved during human history

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15
Q

Forensic

A

The application of psychology to issues relating to law and the legal system

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16
Q

Cultural

A

How culture affects human behavior

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17
Q

Biopsychology

A

Study of the brain and neurotransmitters, and how they influence our thoughts and behavior

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18
Q

Positive psychology

A

Study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior

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19
Q

Health

A

Relationship between psychological factors and physical health

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20
Q

Psychologists

A

Usually have masters or doctorate; trained in methods, knowledge, and theories of psychology

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21
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

Treat psychological problems or do research on therapies and mental illnesses

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22
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

Treat milder problems, such as poor adjustment at work or at school

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23
Q

Psychiatrists

A

MD; usually use medications to treat problems; generally do not have extensive training in providing “talk” therapy

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24
Q

The Scientific Method

A

Observing
Defining a problem
Proposing a hypothesis (an educated guess that can be tested)
Gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis
Publishing results
Building a theory

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25
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events

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26
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory

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27
Q

Operation definition

A

States exact procedures used to represent a concept; allows abstract ideas to be tested in real-world terms (measuring)

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28
Q

Description/ Naturalistic Observation

A

observing a person or an animal in the environment in which they/it live(s)

29
Q

Observer Effect

A

changes in a subject’s behavior caused by an awareness of being observed

30
Q

Observer Bias

A

occurs when observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details

31
Q

Correlations and Relationships

A

existence of a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, measures, or variables

32
Q

Coefficient of Correlation

A

statistic ranging from -1.00 to 1.00; the sign indicates the direction of the relationship

33
Q

Positive correlation

A

increases in a one variable are matched by increases in the other variable

34
Q

Negative Correlation

A

increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other varaible

35
Q

Correlation does not demonstrate causation

A

Just because two variables are related does NOT mean that one variable causes the other to occur

36
Q

Experiment group

A

the group of subjects that gets the independent variable

37
Q

Control group

A

the group of subjects that does NOT get the independent value

38
Q

Random assignment

A

subject has an equal chance of being in either the experimental or control group

39
Q

Independent variable

A

condition(s) altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets their, size, amount, or value

40
Q

Dependent variable

A

demonstrates results of the experiment; the variable that is used to measure change

41
Q

Extraneous variables

A

conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment

42
Q

Placebo

A

a fake pill (sugar) or injection (saline)

43
Q

Placebo Effect

A

changes in behavior that result from expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect; the belief that one has taken an active drug

44
Q

Experiment effects

A

changes in behavior caused by the unintended influence of the experimenter

45
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a prediction that leads people to act in ways to make the prediction come true

46
Q

single blind

A

only the subjects have no idea whether they are in the experimental or control group

47
Q

double blind

A

the subjects AND the experimenters have no idea whether the subjects are in control or experimental groups

48
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

“Father” of Psychology; set up first lab to study conscious experience (1879)

49
Q

Tichener

A

brought Wundt’s ideas to the US and renamed Structuralism; tried to put experiences into basic “elements”

50
Q

William James

A

Functionalism;how the mind functions to help us adapt to our environment

51
Q

Darwin/Natural Selection

A

admired by functionalists; animals keep features through evolution that help them adapt to environments

52
Q

Behavorism

A

psychology must study observable behavior objectively

53
Q

Watson

A

studied Little Albert with Rosalie Raynor

54
Q

Skinner

A

studied animals almost exclusively

55
Q

Cognitive

A

study thoughts, memory, expectations, perceptions, and other mental processes

56
Q

Cognitive behaviorism

A

Our thoughts influence our behaviors; used often in treatment of depression; Ellis and Bandura

57
Q

Gestalt

A

Max Wertheimer; study thinking, learning, and perception as whole units, not by analyzing experience into parts

58
Q

Psychoanalytical Theory

A

Our behavior is largely influenced by our unconscious wishes, thoughts, and desires, especially sex and aggression; Freud

59
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

first talking therapy – explored unconscious conflicts and emotional problems

60
Q

Humanism

A

Goal of psychology is to study unique aspects of the person; focuses on subjective human experience; Each person has innate goodness and is able to make free choices (contrast with Freud) – free will; Rogers and Maslow

61
Q

Maslow

A

self-actualization: develop one’s full potential and become the best person you can be

62
Q

His is school of thought is called

structuralism

A

Edward Titchener

63
Q

Believed in functionalism

A

William James

64
Q

Considered to be the founding father

of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

65
Q

Believed in the importance of

unconscious thoughts

A

Sigmund Freud

66
Q

Focused on overt behaviors and the

consequences of our actions

A

John Watson

67
Q

Heavily influenced by Darwin’s

theory of natural selection

A

William James

68
Q

Focused on free-will and the unique

aspects of the person

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Psychology (14 decks)

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