Chapter 2: The Biology of Mind Flashcards

1
Q

biopsychology

A

everything psychological is simultaneously biological

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2
Q

Neurons

A

basic units of the brain and the rest of the nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

branching extensions at the cell body; receive messages from other neurons

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4
Q

axon

A

carries messages away from the cell body

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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that alter activity in neurons; brain chemicals

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6
Q

synapses

A

microscopic gap between two neurons over which messages pass

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7
Q

receptor site

A

areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

neurotransmitter which controls voluntary movement of the muscles

The Black Widow Spider, Botox injections

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9
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter which affects brain processes that control bodily movement and reward centers

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10
Q

too much dopamine

A

linked with schizophrenia

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11
Q

too little dopamine

A

linked with Parkinson’s

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12
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter involved with mood, appetite, and sleep induction

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13
Q

low levels of serotonin

A

depression, anorexia nervosa, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder (DABA)

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14
Q

Nerves

A

large bundles of axons and dendrites

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15
Q

Myelin

A

fatty layer of tissue that coats axons

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16
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

occurs when myelin layer is destroyed; numbness, weakness, and paralysis occur

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17
Q

Nervous system

A

consists of all the nerve cells; body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system

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18
Q

Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

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20
Q

Somatic System (PNS)

A

a voluntary system (under conscious control) that makes contact with the outside environment

21
Q

Autonomic System (PNS)

A

involved in the involuntary control of our internal organs
(ex: heartbeat,digestions, glandular activity); dual system consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

22
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (AS)

A

GO!

arouses the body, mobilizing the energy in stressful situations; kick-starts defensive action (fight-or-flight)

23
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System (AS)

A

STOP!

calms the body, conserving its energy; brings about homeostasis

24
Q

brain and neural networks (CNS)

A

interconnected neurons from the networks in the brain (complex and modify with growth and experience)

25
Brainstem
begins where the spinal cord enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions
26
Medulla
base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing
27
Thalamus
brain's sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem (senses but not smell)
28
Reticular Formation
nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
29
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
part of RF that keeps the cortex active and alert
30
Cerebellum
"little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance
31
Cerebral Cortex
intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; body's ultimate control and information processing center
32
temporal lobe
hearing and language
33
occipital lobe
vision
34
parietal lobe
sensation such as touch, temperature, and pressure
35
frontal lobe
sense of smell, motor control, and higher mental abilities such as reasoning and planning
36
Cerebral Hemispheres
right and left halves of the cortex
37
Left hemisphere
verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing
38
Right hemisphere
nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual, recognition
39
Corpus callosum
200 million myelinated axons connect the brain's hemispheres; provide a pathway for communication between hemispheres (if surgically severed for treatment of epilepsy, hemispheres cannot communicate directly
40
Visual processing
Both eyes send information to both hemispheres. • BUT, the right half of the visual field goes to the left hemisphere. • And the left half of the visual field goes to the right hemisphere
41
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impaired understanding)
42
Limbic System
associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex; includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
43
Hippocampus
associated with storing memories; helps us navigate through space
44
Amygadala
linked to the emotions of fear and anger
45
Hypothalamus
directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions
46
plasticity
capacity of the brain to change in response to injury, illness, or experience
47
neurogenesis
production of new brain cells
48
action potential
brief electrical charge that travels down an axon; tells the neuron to release specific neurotransmitters