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Psychology > Chapter 3: Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant

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2
Q

Altered State of Consciousness (ASC)

A

Awareness that is distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness

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3
Q

Sleep

A

innate, biological rhythm

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4
Q

Microsleep

A

Brief shift in brain-wave patterns similar to those of sleep

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5
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Sleep loss; being deprived of needed amounts of sleep

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6
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness

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7
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Brain-wave machine; records electrical activity in the brain.

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8
Q

Brain-waves

A

Vary in Amplitude (height) and Frequency (cycles per second)

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9
Q

Beta

A

(15-40 cps): high alertness

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10
Q

Alpha

A

(9-14): resting/relaxation

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11
Q

Theta

A

(5-8): low alertness/light sleep

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12
Q

Delta

A

(1.5-4): deep, dreamless sleep

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13
Q

When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake,

A

his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps)

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14
Q

During early, light sleep (stages 1-2)

A 
the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called
theta waves (5-8 cps)
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15
Q

Hypnic Jerk

A

Reflex muscle twitch throughout body

that may occur in Stage 1

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16
Q

Daydreaming

A

theta activity

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17
Q

During deepest sleep (stages 3-4),

A

brain activity slows down.
There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves
(1.5-4 cps).

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18
Q

REM sleep

A

After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards
stage 1.
• Although still asleep, the brain engages in low-amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40
cps) much like awake-aroused state.

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19
Q

REM rebound

A

Extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM sleep deprivation

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20
Q

Functions of REM sleep

A

early in life, REM sleep may stimulate the developing brain

• In adults, it may help process emotional events.

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21
Q

Insomnia

A

Insomnia occurs in 3 different patterns:

– trouble falling asleep – trouble remaining asleep – persistent early morning awakening.

22
Q

Drug-Dependency Insomni

A

Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills

23
Q

Temporary Insomnia

A

Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement

24
Q

Chronic Insomnia

A

Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks.

25
Q

Tryptophan

A

Amino acid (chemical) that produces sleep

26
Q

Somnambulism (Sleepwalking

A

Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 4

27
Q

Sleeptalking

A

Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep

28
Q

Nightmares

A

Bad dreams

– Occurs during REM sleep

29
Q

Night Terrors

A

Total panic and hallucinations may occur

– Occurs during Stage 4 sleep

30
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring

31
Q

Apnea can be treated by

A

Surgery – Breathing mask

32
Q

Narcolepsy

A

produces sudden daytime sleep attacks, often without warning

– Fundamentally a disorder of REM sleep

33
Q

What We Dream

A
  1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10
    dreams
  2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued,
    rejected, or struck with misfortune.
  3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking,
    sexual dreams are sparse.
34
Q

Why We Dream

A
  1. Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that
    many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires
  2. Information Processing: Dreams may
    help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.
  3. Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with
    periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways.Why We Dream
  4. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests
    that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.
  5. Cognitive Development: Some
    researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development.
35
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness).

36
Q

Physical Dependence:

A

Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
– Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response
to a drug
– Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug

37
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs

38
Q

Stimulants

A

Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Examples of stimulants are:

  1. Caffeine 2. Nicotine 3. Cocaine 4. Amphetamines
39
Q

Caffeine

A
  • Most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America; present in colas, chocolate, coffee, tea.
  • Increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.
40
Q

Nicotine

A
  • Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco; known carcinogen
  • Withdraw may cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors
  • Addictive
  • Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women
41
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash
  • Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant
  • Highly addictive drug – very powerfully rewarding
42
Q

Amphetamine

A

Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous system

43
Q

Large doses of amphetamines can cause

A

nausea, vomiting, extremely high blood pressure, fatal heart attacks, and disabling strokes.

44
Q

Hallucinogens

A

are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

45
Q

Depressants

A

are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
They include: 1. Alcohol
2. Barbiturates 3. Marjuania

46
Q

Alcohol

A

Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.

47
Q

Binge Drinking

A

Consuming five or more drinks in a short time; four or more for women

48
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

49
Q

Tranquilizers

A

Lower anxiety and reduce tension

– Valium, Xanax – Rohypnol

50
Q

Marijuana

A

Effects: sense of euphoria or well-being, relaxation, time distortion, perceptual distortions
• It impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory.
• Psychologically, NOT physiologically, addictive

Psychology (14 decks)

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