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Psychology > Chapter 12: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

A person’s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become

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2
Q

Personality psychologists aim to understand

A

the ways in which, and reasons why, people differ

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3
Q

—— Swiss psychiatrist, believed that we are one of two personality types (I/E) and there are four basic ways that we deal with the world (S/N/T/J)

A

Carl Jung

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4
Q

introverts

A

people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, feelings,
fantasies, dreams

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5
Q

extroverts

A

prefer the external world of things and people and activities.

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6
Q

Sensing

A

getting information by means of the senses.

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7
Q

Intuiting

A

getting information from the patterns and possibilities in the information they receiv

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8
Q

Thinking

A

making decisions by evaluating information or ideas rationally, logically

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9
Q

Feeling

A

making decisions by evaluating information by weighing one’s overall, emotional response.

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10
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A

one of the most popular, and most studied personality tests is based off of Jung’s typology

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11
Q

Extroversion - Introversion (E-I)

A

“favorite world”

– 75 % of the population is extroverted.

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12
Q

Sensing - Intuiting (S-N)

A

information – About 75 % of the population sensing

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13
Q

Thinking - Feeling (T-F)

A

decisions

– Two-thirds of men are thinkers, two-thirds of women are feelers.

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14
Q

Judging - Perceiving (J-P)

A

Structure

• not one of Jung’s original dimensions. • J and P are equally distributed in the population.

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15
Q

Judging

A

prefer a planned or orderly way of life, like to have things settled and organized.

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16
Q

Perceiving

A

prefer a flexible and spontaneous way of life, and like to understand and adapt to the world rather than organize it

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17
Q

Trait Approach

A

Holds that people have traits that can be measured and studied

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18
Q

Trait

A

durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

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19
Q

Common Traits

A

Characteristics shared by most members of a culture

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20
Q

Cardinal Traits

A

So basic that all of a person’s activities can be traced back to the trait

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21
Q

Central Traits

A

Core qualities of a personality

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22
Q

Secondary Traits

A

Inconsistent or superficial aspects of a person

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23
Q

The —— of personality by McCrae and Costa (1997) is the most recent addition to trait theory

A

five-factor theory

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24
Q

“Big Five” Personality Factors

A

Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)

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25
Q

Openness to Experience

A

creative & willing to try new thing

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26
Q

Conscientiousness

A

reliable, responsible, thorough, dependable, hard-working

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27
Q

Extraversion

A

outgoing, social, active, talkative

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28
Q

Agreeableness

A

easy to get along with, pleasant, sympathetic, warm, cooperative

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29
Q

Neuroticism

A

emotional stability

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30
Q

Cross-Cultural Differences in Personality

A

• “Describe yourself briefly”
• Americans respond confidently and elaborate
– individualistic conception of self. • Japanese give more tentative responses.
– collectivist / interdependent conception of self.
• The older a person is, the more consistent his or her personality is over time.
– observed cross-culturally.

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31
Q

Correlation of Traits

A
  • Larger correlations between the extraversion levels of monozygotic (MZ) twins (identical) than those of dizygotic (DZ) (fraternal) twins.
  • Moderate positive correlations between parents and their biological children and between pairs of biologically related brothers and sisters •Low or even negative correlations between parents and adopted children and among adopted children living in the same family
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32
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts

33
Q

According to Freud, ——– force thoughts into our ——–.

A

traumatic experiences;
unconscious

Psychoanalysis could bring such thoughts into the conscious mind.

34
Q

Freud asked patients to say ——— in order to tap the unconscious.

A

whatever came to their minds (free association)

35
Q

The Id

A

Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving, irrational, and totally unconscious

36
Q

works on Pleasure Principle

A

The Id

37
Q

Pleasure Principle

A

Wishes to have its desires (pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless of the consequences

38
Q

The Ego

A

Executive; directs id energies

39
Q

The ego has the power to

A

direct behavior by relating the desires of the id to external reality.

40
Q

works on the Reality Principle

A

The Ego

41
Q

Reality Principle

A

Delays action until it is practical and/or appropriate

42
Q

The Superego

A

Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego

43
Q

Two parts of Superego

A

Conscience and Ego Ideal

44
Q

Conscience

A

Reflects actions for which a

person has been punished

45
Q

Ego Ideal

A

Second part of the superego; reflects behavior one’s parents approved of or rewarded

46
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages (description)

A
  • Our personality develops through a series of 5 psychosexual stages.
  • If blocked / frustrated or overly gratified at any stage, we become fixated at that stage.
  • We remain preoccupied with the pleasure area associated with the stage
47
Q

Oral Stage

A

Ages 0-1. Most of infant’s pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth.

48
Q

If a child is overfed or frustrated

A

oral traits will develop.

49
Q

Fixation in oral stage

A

leads to eating, drinking, and smoking

50
Q

Anal Stage

A

Ages 1-3

Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on.

51
Q

Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child:

A

Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy, orderly,
and compulsively clean
– Anal Expulsive: Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel

52
Q

Anal Retentive

A

Stubborn, stingy, orderly,

and compulsively clean

53
Q

Anal Expulsive

A

Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel

54
Q

Phallic Stage

A

Ages 3-6. Child now notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex paren

55
Q

Phallic Stage Can lead to

A

Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for his mother’s
affection.
– Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and competes with her mother

56
Q

Oedipus Conflict

A

For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for his mother’s
affection.

57
Q

Electra Conflict

A

Girl loves her father and competes with her mother

58
Q

[Phallic Stage] Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by ——with the rival parent.o

A

identifying

59
Q

Latency Stage

A

Ages 6-Puberty. Psychosexual development is dormant. Same sex friendships and play occur here.

60
Q

Genital Stage

A

Puberty-on. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken.

61
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

62
Q

Repression

A

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from
consciousness

63
Q

Regression

A

leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile
psychosexual stage.

64
Q

Reaction Formation

A

causes the ego to

unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

65
Q

Projection

A

leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to
others.

66
Q

Rationalization

A

offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more
threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

67
Q

Displacement

A

shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less
threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

68
Q

Denial

A

blocking external events from

awareness. If a situation is too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it.

69
Q

Sublimation

A

the transforming of a socially unacceptable behavior, whether it be sex, anger, or fear, into a socially acceptable and
productive form.

70
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A
  • The most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach.
  • It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
71
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

72
Q

EX: to tuck away memories

A

Repression

73
Q

EX: child acts younger when baby sibling arrives

A

Regression

74
Q

EX: think about sex inside but act and speak about purity outside

A

Reaction Formation

75
Q

EX: “Emma, you should really not eat in bed.”

A

Projection

76
Q

EX: “I failed because my teacher hates me.”

A

Rationalization

77
Q

EX: yell at husband instead of boss

A

Displacement

78
Q

EX: “I really don’t need to study.”

A

Denial

79
Q

EX: playing football instead of beating people

A

Sublimation

Psychology (14 decks)

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