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Psychology > Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate actions

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2
Q

How do motivated activities work?

A

– Need: Internal deficiency, which causes a…
– Drive: Energized motivational state activates a…
– Response: Action designed to attain a… – Goal: Target of motivated behavior

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3
Q

Incentive Value

A

Goal’s appeal beyond its

ability to fill a need

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4
Q

Primary Motive

A

Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to survive

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5
Q

Stimulus Motive

A

Innate needs for stimulation and information

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6
Q

Secondary Motive

A

Based on learned needs, drives, and goals

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.

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8
Q

Arousal

A

the overall level of activation of the body and the nervous system

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9
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation

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10
Q

Most people perform best when their arousal level is

A

moderate

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11
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance

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12
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a 24-hour schedule

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13
Q

[Circadian Rhythms] most noticeable after

A

a major change in time schedules

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14
Q

If you fly —-, adapting takes 50 percent longer

A

east

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15
Q

Preadaptation

A

Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles to a new time schedule before an anticipated circadian rhythm change.

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16
Q

A Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others.
  • Physiological needs come before psychological need.
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17
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. self-actualization needs
  2. esteem needs
  3. belongingness and love needs
  4. safety needs
  5. physiological needs
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18
Q

self-actualization needs

A

need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential

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19
Q

esteem needs

A

need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

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20
Q

belongingness and love needs

A

need to love and be loved, to be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

21
Q

safety needs

A

need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

22
Q

physiological needs

A

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

23
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task

24
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)

25
Q

The Physiology of Hunger

A 
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.
BUT Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).
26
Q

The ——- brings on

hunger (stimulation).

A

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Destroy the LH, and the animal has no
interest in eating.

27
Q 
The -------
depresses hunger (stimulation).
A

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats
excessively.

28
Q

Set point

A

point where weight stays the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight

29
Q

Leptin

A

Substance released by fat cells

that inhibits eating

30
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

A condition in which a normal-weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight

31
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

32
Q

Extracellular Thirst

A

When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of the body

33
Q

Intracellular Thirst

A

When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell

34
Q

Sex drive

A

refers to the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behaviors

35
Q

Estrus

A

changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat.

36
Q

In contrast to females, the normal male animal is ——-ready to mate.

A

almost always

37
Q

Emotion

A

state characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings

38
Q

Adaptive Behaviors

A

Aid our attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions

39
Q

Physiological Changes

A

Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary bodily responses

40
Q

the mildest form of emotion – low-intensity emotional states that can last for many hours, or days

A

mood

41
Q

Polygraph

A

Device that records heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response
(GSR); lie detector

42
Q

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

A

measures sweating

43
Q

Irrelevant Questions

A

Neutral, emotional questions in a polygraph test

44
Q

Relevant Questions

A

Questions to which only someone guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional

45
Q

Control Questions

A

Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph

46
Q

The James-Lange Theory of Emotions

A
  • Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
  • Just by manipulating facial muscles, one can affect one’s feelings.
  • You decide that you’re sad because you are frowning and tears are forming in your eyes.
47
Q

Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory of Emotions

A
  • Emotions occur when a label is applied to general physical arousal.
  • Our cognitive appraisal of the situation determines the emotion that we experience.
48
Q

Tale of 2 Bridges

A

mislabeled anxiety as attraction

Psychology (14 decks)

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