Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate actions
How do motivated activities work?
– Need: Internal deficiency, which causes a…
– Drive: Energized motivational state activates a…
– Response: Action designed to attain a… – Goal: Target of motivated behavior
Incentive Value
Goal’s appeal beyond its
ability to fill a need
Primary Motive
Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to survive
Stimulus Motive
Innate needs for stimulation and information
Secondary Motive
Based on learned needs, drives, and goals
Arousal theory
assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.
Arousal
the overall level of activation of the body and the nervous system
Sensation Seeking
Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation
Most people perform best when their arousal level is
moderate
Yerkes-Dodson Law
If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance
Circadian Rhythms
Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a 24-hour schedule
[Circadian Rhythms] most noticeable after
a major change in time schedules
If you fly —-, adapting takes 50 percent longer
east
Preadaptation
Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles to a new time schedule before an anticipated circadian rhythm change.
A Hierarchy of Needs
- Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others.
- Physiological needs come before psychological need.
Hierarchy of Needs
- self-actualization needs
- esteem needs
- belongingness and love needs
- safety needs
- physiological needs
self-actualization needs
need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential
esteem needs
need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
belongingness and love needs
need to love and be loved, to be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
safety needs
need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
physiological needs
need to satisfy hunger and thirst
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task
Extrinsic Motivation
Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)
The Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger. BUT Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).
The ——- brings on
hunger (stimulation).
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Destroy the LH, and the animal has no
interest in eating.
The ------- depresses hunger (stimulation).
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats
excessively.
Set point
point where weight stays the same when you make no effort to gain or lose weight
Leptin
Substance released by fat cells
that inhibits eating
Anorexia Nervosa
A condition in which a normal-weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight
Bulimia Nervosa
A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise
Extracellular Thirst
When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of the body
Intracellular Thirst
When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell
Sex drive
refers to the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behaviors
Estrus
changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat.
In contrast to females, the normal male animal is ——-ready to mate.
almost always
Emotion
state characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings
Adaptive Behaviors
Aid our attempts to survive and adjust to changing conditions
Physiological Changes
Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary bodily responses
the mildest form of emotion – low-intensity emotional states that can last for many hours, or days
mood
Polygraph
Device that records heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response
(GSR); lie detector
Galvanic skin response (GSR)
measures sweating
Irrelevant Questions
Neutral, emotional questions in a polygraph test
Relevant Questions
Questions to which only someone guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional
Control Questions
Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph
The James-Lange Theory of Emotions
- Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
- Just by manipulating facial muscles, one can affect one’s feelings.
- You decide that you’re sad because you are frowning and tears are forming in your eyes.
Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory of Emotions
- Emotions occur when a label is applied to general physical arousal.
- Our cognitive appraisal of the situation determines the emotion that we experience.
Tale of 2 Bridges
mislabeled anxiety as attraction
