Chapter 15: Therapy

Question 1

Psychotherapy

Answer 1

When a therapist aids a client in developing awareness and changing problem behavior, thoughts, or feelings

Question 2

Behavior Therapy

Answer 2

Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior

Question 3

Behavior Modification

Answer 3

Using any classical or operant conditioning principles to directly change human behavior
-Deep insight is often not necessary

Question 4

Counterconditioning

Answer 4

a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Question 5

Counterconditioning includes

Answer 5

exposure therapy, aversive conditioning, and systematic desensitization

Question 6

Exposure Therapy

Answer 6

involves exposing people to fear-driving objects in real or virtual environments

Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared.

Question 7

Aversion conditioning

Answer 7

repeatedly pairing the problematic behavior with an aversive stimulus

Question 8

Conditioned Aversion

Answer 8

Learned dislike or negative emotional response to a stimulus

Question 9

Rapid Smoking

Answer 9

Prolonged smoking at a rapid pace

Question 10

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 10

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias

Question 11

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 11

One emotional state is used to block another (e.g., impossible to be anxious and relaxed at the same time)

Question 12

Hierarchy

Answer 12

Rank-ordered series of steps, amounts, or degrees

Question 13

Vicarious Desensitization

Answer 13

Reduction in fear that takes place secondhand when a client watches models perform the feared behavior

Question 14

Virtual Reality Exposure

Answer 14

Presents computerized fear stimuli to patients in a controlled fashion

Question 15

Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use ———–, where desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished

Answer 15

behavior modification

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

Increases behavior

Question 17

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 17

Give something to increase behavior

Question 18

Negative Reinforcement:

Answer 18

Take something away to increase behavior

Question 19

Punishment

Answer 19

Decreases behavior

Question 20

Positive Punishmen

Answer 20

Give something to decrease behavior

Question 21

Negative Punishment

Answer 21

Take something away to decrease behavior

Question 22

Tokens

Answer 22

Symbolic rewards like poker chips, gold stars, or stamps that can be exchanged for real rewards

Question 23

Token Economy

Answer 23

Patients get tokens for many socially desirable or productive behaviors; they can pay tokens for tangible rewards and for undesirable behaviors

Question 24

Psycholanalysis

Answer 24

The first formal psychotherapy to emerge, developed by Sigmund Freud.
Problems arise from unconscious feelings and conflicts.

Question 25

Goal of psycholanalysis

Answer 25

Goal = the uncovering and resolving of unconscious conflicts

Question 26

Freud developed the method of ————– to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts.

Answer 26

free association

Question 27

During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions. Such ——— becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.

Answer 27

resistance

Question 28

Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings (————-) towards the therapist.

Answer 28

transference

Question 29

Criticisms of Psychoanalytic Therapy

Answer 29

• Long and costly -Can go on for years, several sessions or weeks
• Useless for treating more severe disorders

Question 30

Brief Psychodynamic Therapy

Answer 30

Based on psychoanalytic theory but designed to produce insights more quickly

Question 31

Spontaneous Remission

Answer 31

Improvement of a psychological condition due to time passing without therapy

Question 32

Waiting-List Control Group

Answer 32

People who receive no therapy as a way to test the effectiveness of psychotherapy.

Question 33

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 33

Focuses on changing negative thoughts and beliefs in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviors.

Question 34

Selective Perception

Answer 34

Perceiving only certain stimuli in a larger group of possibilities

Question 35

Overgeneralization

Answer 35

Allowing upsetting events to affect unrelated situations

Question 36

All-or-Nothing Thinking

Answer 36

Seeing objects and events as absolutely right or wrong, good or bad, and so on

Question 37

Humanistic therapies

Answer 37

assume that it is possible for people to use their potentials fully and live rich, rewarding lives

Question 38

Client-Centered Therapy

Answer 38

• Developed by Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy is a form of humanistic therapy.
• The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way, addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem.

Question 39

Four Basic Rogerian Condition

Answer 39

• Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable acceptance of another person, regardless of what they tell the therapist or how they feel
• Empathy: Ability to feel what another person is feeling; capacity to take another person’s point of view
• Authenticity: Therapist is to be genuine and honest about his or her feelings
• Reflection: Rephrasing or repeating thoughts and feelings of the clients’; helps clients become aware of what they are saying