Chapter 7 IQ's Flashcards
society of childhood
kids make up their own social rules that differ from those of adult society (ex. trading lunches at school)
Challenge of middle childhood (according to Freud)
forming emotional bonds with peers and moving beyond those that were developed with parents in earlier years
Why must child develop sense of inferiority rather than industry (according to Erikson)?
if they haven’t achieved the goals their culture has set for kids their age (ie. if a kid hasn’t learned to read/write, they’ll enter adolescence with feelings of inferiority)
what do trait theorists believe?
that traits tell us about the origins of individual differences in emotional responses to experiences
Big 5 personality traits
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism (emotional instability)
- Openness/Intellect
- Extraversion
extraversion
- active, assertive, enthusiastic, outgoing
- high activity level, sociability, positive emotionality, and talkativeness
agreeableness
- Affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, sympathetic, trusting
- Perhaps high approach/positive emotionality, effortful control
conscientiousness
- Efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, responsible
- Effortful control/task persistence
neuroticism
- Anxious, self-pitying, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
- Negative emotionality, irritability
openness/intellect
- Artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, having wide interests
- Approach new situations and people, low inhibition
How might an extraverted child handle peer rejection differently than an introverted child?
Extraverted child becomes more determined to be accepted by the group; introverted child becomes emotionally distraught and would actively avoid social situations in the future
What new aspects of self-concept are understood by the end of middle childhood?
Psychological self and valued self
psychological self
Person’s understanding of his or her enduring psychological characteristics
factors that influence self-efficacy
- Peer models
- Social comparison
- Encouragement from knowledgeable people children value and respect
self-esteem
A global evaluation of one’s self-worth
2 things that influence self-esteem
1) mental comparisons of the child’s ideal self and their actual experience
2) Overall support child feels they are receiving from important people around her (ie. Parents and peers)
How do the criteria by which children learn to evaluate themselves differ in individualistic and collectivist cultures?
- Individualistic: kids base self-esteem on own interests and abilities
- Collectivist: kids base self-esteem based on cultural ideas of what a good person is
Why is self-esteem at least moderately consistent over time?
- Because the child tends to choose experiences that support it
- Because the social environment (including parents’ evaluations of the child) tend to be at least moderately consistent
2 stages in Piaget’s two-stage theory of moral development
- moral realism stage
2. moral relativism stage
moral realism stage
- beginning of middle childhood
- Believe rules are inflexible because they come from authorities (ie. parents, teachers, etc.)
- Believe all rule violations eventually result in punishment
moral relativism stage
- after age 8
- Children understand that rules can be changed with social agreement
- Know you don’t get punished for violating rules unless you get caught, and understand the relationship between punishment and intent
How does the parent-child agenda change when the child reaches elementary school?
Parents recognize kid’s capacity for self-regulation (ability to conform to behaviour standards without direct supervision)
Identify the sex differences in parents’ expectations for self-regulatory behaviour
Boys are given more autonomy than girls, yet daughters are held to a higher standard of accountability for failure than boys
How are maternal methods of control related to (a) social withdrawal in children, and (b) aggression in children?
- Overcontrolling mothers had children who were socially withdrawn
- Undercontrolling mothers had children who were aggressive