Chapter 6 IQ's Flashcards
viewpoint held by social-cognitive theorists
social and emotional changes are a result of the enormous growth in cognitive abilities that happen in the preschool years
person perception
ability to classify others according to categories like race, gender, age, etc.
why are preschooler’s observations and categorizations of people inconsistent?
because they’re based on their most recent interactions with those individuals
cross-race effect
- people are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than people of different races
- established by age 5
social conventions vs. moral rules
- social conventions: customs (like saying please and thank you)
- moral rules: deal with morality (like knowing that hitting someone isn’t okay); breaking moral rules viewed as more severe
- children understand the difference at 2-3 years old
what influences preschoolers’ judgment of behaviour
the outcome/consequence of the action (rather than focusing on intent like adults do)
compare attachment at 12 months vs. 2-3 years
- 12mo: baby established clear attachment to one caregiver
- 2-3 years: attachment is just as strong, but many attachment behaviours are less visible
generalization of child’s internal model
- happens at age 4
- model isn’t a specific property of an individual relationship, but a general property of all the child’s social relationships
- therefore, kids who are securely attached to parents are more likely to have good relationships with their preschool teachers
2 contexts associated with high compliance vs. low complicance
- high compliance: safety issues; care of objects
- low compliance: self-care; waiting
why is it difficult to establish what constitutes effective discipline?
- hard to establish good/bad effects of various forms of discipline
- research is unsure how intense/frequent effective discipline needs to be
what do Canadian childcare advocates suggest in terms of most appropriate discipline methods?
- no spanking
- use positive discipline
- more inductive
- less power-assertion
inductive discipline
parents explain to child by a punished behaviour is wrong
what to Robert Larzelere and Elizabeth Gershoff agree and disagree on?
- agree: physical punishment elicits immediate response
- disagree: whether it’s harmful (L: no; G: yes)
What questions do Canada’s spanking laws leave unanswered?
- how to distinguish btwn physical punishment and physical abuse?
- how can professionals advise parents on when/to what degree physical discipline is appropriate?
- is 1 spank or 2 appropriate?
- can you tap bum or back of hand?
- can you spank with open hand if no mark/bruise is left?
- how calm should parents be before they punish?
- can you wash child’s mouth out with soap?
- can you force child to stay still in an awkward stance?
Research findings on Asian American parenting
- they use authoritarian parenting style
- this style is linked to child achievement and not linked to negative outcomes for Asian children
- this shows that parenting style is dependent on cultural context
Research findings of Aboriginal parenting
- they use permissive parenting style
- this style is not linked to negative outcomes for Aboriginal children
- this shows that parenting style is dependent on cultural context
divorce
- usually happens in prime child-rearing period
- kids are affected by multiple divorce factors (not a single variable), and kids whose parents stay in conflict-ridden marriages may experience the same effects
- children living in post-divorce situations have higher anxiety, emotional disorders, hyperactivity, inattention, conduct disorders, and physical addiction
- as adults, these kids have higher risk of mental health problems, fear of intimacy, more likely to divorce, etc.
- effects boys more than girls
Compare a successful and unsuccessful child in terms of group entry skills
- Successful: spend time observing others to find out what they’re doing and then try to be a part of it
- Unsuccessful: try to gain acceptance through aggressive behaviour or by interrupting the group
How did Doctoroff help 4-5 year-old children develop group entry skills?
- taught them specific verbal phrases to use when trying to gain acceptance by a group of peers
- encouraged the peers to remind the trained children to use those phrases
- this lead to immediate gains in social acceptance
aggression
behaviour intended to injure another person or object
how does reinforcement contribute to aggression?
when kids can get what they want though aggression, that reinforces aggressive behaviour
how does modeling contribute to aggression in children?
children learn aggression from watching other people be aggressive (parents, siblings, etc.)
prosocial behaviour
behaviour intended to help another person (aka: altruism)
examples of prosocial behaviour perschoolers might display
sharing a toy, comforting a sick or crying child, etc.
