Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

case study

A
  • in-depth analysis of a single case (ex. a single person, single school, single place, etc.)
  • sample size: n = 1
  • measures variables only (no manipulation)
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2
Q

n

A
  • sample size

- ex: if n = 1, n could be Columbine High school

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3
Q

N

A
  • target population
  • usually greater than the sample size
  • ex: if n = Columbine High school, N = all high schools that have had school shootings
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4
Q

why can case studies be problematic?

A
  • generalizations aren’t permitted as sample size is too small
  • researchers can state results only
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5
Q

observational study (what is it, aka, what types of studies are included?)

A
  • method that involves observing people, animals, or phenomena (measures variables only - no manipulation)
  • aka: direct observation (done by researcher)
  • includes naturalistic studies and lab studies
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6
Q

naturalistic studies (what is it, examples, con)

A
  • observing things in their natural or unaltered environment to maximize ecological validity/authenticity of data
  • ex. camera in-home to observe; self-reporting (ie. keeping track of fights in a diary)
  • con: lack of control
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7
Q

lab studies (what is it, examples, con)

A
  • observing things in a controlled environment (researchers set up the environment to expose particular responses)
  • ex. observing or filming people in the lab to observe
  • con: lack of authenticity (people can change their behaviour if they’re in a lab)
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8
Q

survey (what is it, aka, what it’s used for)

A
  • measuring people’s responses to questions or questionnaires (measures variables only - no manipulation)
  • aka: indirect observation (done by participants who self-report)
  • used to investigate whether there is a relationship between responses, then to calculate correlation
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9
Q

can a questionnaire be a method?

A

No, the method itself is a survey (which contains a questionnaire)

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10
Q

what does a correlation convey?

A

the nature and size of a relationship between 2 variables of interest

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11
Q

positive correlation

A
  • similar change between 2 variables

- ie. increase in 1 -> other increases (ex. studying and gpa… the more you study, the higher your gpa will be)

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12
Q

negative correlation

A
  • opposite change between 2 variables (inverse relationship)

- ie. increase in 1 -> the other decreases (ex. partying and gpa… the more you party, the lower your gpa will be)

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13
Q

strongest relationship between 2 variables

A
  • 1

- indicates size of relationship

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14
Q

no relationship between 2 variables

A
  • 0

- indicates size of relationship

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15
Q

significant relationship

A
  • is it reliable/consistent?

- not related to size/strength -> doesn’t have to be the strongest, just has to be consistent

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16
Q

experiment

A
  • method that involves manipulating the IV to see if this results in a charge to the Dv
  • ex. manipulating study strategies to see if it effects your GPA
  • best to start with an experiment, and if things go wrong you can always downgrade to a quasi-experiment
17
Q

independent variable (IV)

A
  • the presumed causal variable that is manipulated by the researcher
  • ie. study strategies
18
Q

dependent variable (DV)

A
  • the characteristic or behaviour that is (expected to be) affected by the change the researcher makes to the IV
  • ie. GPA
19
Q

how do researchers manipulate the IV?

A
  • designing a treatment

- designing a program or workshop

20
Q

quasi-experiment

A
  • enables researcher to test a causal hypothesis
  • involves manipulation of IV and measurement of DV
  • however, unlike experiments, quasi-experiments DO NOT have random assignment
21
Q

random assignment

A

each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment/experimental or control groups

22
Q

random selection

A
  • each member of the target population has equal chance of being selected to participate in the study
  • N/n -> how did you get n from N?
23
Q

treatment/experimental groups

A

IV is manipulated

24
Q

control groups

A

IV is not manipulated

25
Q

is random selection necessary in an experiment or quasi-experiment?

A
  • no

- it’s a good design strategy, but not necessary

26
Q

diffusion of treatment

A
  • when the people in the treatment group share the IV info with the control group
  • ex. in Maria’s study where the treatment group shared their additional online resources with the control group
27
Q

predictor variable

A

if measuring variables only