Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
John Money vs. Tiger Devore’s views on gender
A
- Money believes gender is learned, and that gender identity can also be learned if assigned early and properly enforced
- Devore (who was born intersex) believes that gender is learned, but gender identity cannot be assigned and learned -> it’s determined by our mind
2
Q
typical medical practice for infants with ambiguous genitals and its alternative
A
- typical practice: surgery to “normalize” genitals
- in 2006, it was recommended to be very cautious with doing these surgeries
- alternative: do nothing - allow kids to live with body they’re born in, and they can decide later if they want to go through surgery
3
Q
typical advice parents of transgender children receive
A
- “gender adjustment model”
- convince child to accept/adjust to birth sex
- correct cross-gender behaviour (gender non-conformity)
- reinforce sex-typing (children conforming to gender norms and enjoying activities consistent with socially acceptable activities for their gender)
4
Q
modern advice parents of transgender children receive
A
- “identity actualization model”
- accept gender identity claimed by child
- allow child to socially transition in childhood and physically transition in adolescence (through puberty blocking hormones - controversial b/c we don’t know long-term effects on development, sex hormones, and/or sex-reassignment surgery)
5
Q
sex
A
- biologically defined term
- classification of people as male or female based on chromosomes, hormones, internal reproductive organs, and genitalia
6
Q
intersex
A
individual with ambiguous genitals who cannot be easily classified as male or female
7
Q
gender
A
- socially defined term
- based on roles, behaviours, activities, and personality traits considered ‘proper’ for men and women
- usually consists of 2 binary categories: masculine and feminine
- culture and history dependent
8
Q
gender identity
A
- personally defined (defined by our own mind)
- contains 2 aspects: core gender identity and gender role identity
9
Q
core gender identity
A
- how one personally defines their sex identity
- typically solidified by 3 years of age
- typically a binary category (male or female)
- typically permanent, immutable (can’t be changed by parents or doctors), and stable
10
Q
genderqueer
A
someone who doesn’t identify as male or female
11
Q
transgender identity
A
- core gender identity and biological sex at birth do not match (1% of people)
- gender dissonance
12
Q
cisgender identity
A
core gender identity and biological sex match
13
Q
gender-role identity
A
- how one personally defines their gender identity (preferred gender roles, ornamentation, behaviour, activities, personality traits)
- tied to familial, society, cultural and historical factors
- continually modified/refined across the lifespan (ex. can be modified to become more traditional once you become a parent)
14
Q
androgynous
A
if one’s gender role identity includes some socially prescribed roles, behaviours, activities, and psychological attributes of both men and women
15
Q
4 types of gender role identities
A
- masculine: high levels of masculinity, low levels of femininity
- feminine: high levels of femininity, low levels of masculinity
- androgynous: high levels of both masculinity and femininity
- undifferentiated: low levels of both masculinity and femininity
16
Q
Implications of studies showing that different gender role identities have different levels of self-esteem in different countries
A
- In America, adolescents with masculine or androgynous gender identity had highest self-esteem, whereas in Israel, girls with masculine gender identity had lower self-esteem
- shows that American results aren’t universal
- also shows that androgyny can have self-esteem benefits and that forcing people to adhere to gender norms isn’t even in their best interest
17
Q
gender expression
A
- the way one publicly communicates their gender identity with others (behaviours, clothing, hairstyle, etc.)
- typically consistent with core gender identity, but not always (ie. when dressing up in drag)
18
Q
transgender as an umbrella term
A
- includes both gender identity (gender dissonance) and gender expression (gender variant or cross-gender behaviour)
- has political advantage of being more inclusive in order to prevent discrimination
19
Q
how parents reinforce sex-typing in children
A
- parents reinforce sex-typed behaviour as young as 18 months
- children show sex-typed behaviour as early as 18-24 months (before they can label themselves as male or female)
- parent reinforcement of gender norms positively associated with sex-typing in children
20
Q
how same-sex peers contribute to sex-typing in children
A
- kids show preference for same-sex friends as early as 3 (after they can label themselves and others as male or female)
- sex-typed behaviour is encouraged in same-sex friendship interactions
- same-sex friendships positively associated with sex-typing in children -> demands more gender conformity
21
Q
interactions in same-sex female friendships
A
- enabling style of interaction
- no open conflict (must be publicly nice, can be mean behind each other’s backs)
- no boasting/self-promotion
- support/compliment each other
22
Q
interactions in same-sex male friendships
A
- restricted/constricting style of interaction
- open conflict expected
- self-promotion expected
- interrupting expected
23
Q
how age contributes to gender role knowledge and flexibility
A
- age influences gender role knowledge, which positively correlates with sex-typing in children
- age is negatively correlated with cross-gender behaviour in children
24
Q
gender role knowledge/sex-typing at 0-3 years
A
- low gender role knowledge
- low sex-typing; some cross-gender behaviour is the norm
25
gender role knowledge/sex-typing at 3-5 years
- rigid gender role knowledge/low flexibility (nothing is in the "both" basket - things are either for boys or for girls)
- rigid sex-typing, low cross-gender behaviour
26
gender role knowledge/flexibility at 7 years
some gender role flexibility (a few items in the "both" basket)
27
how cognitive factors contribute to gender stereotype flexibility
- kids with early peaks in gender stereotype rigidity also showed early onset on gender stereotype flexibility
- kids with later peak in gender stereotype rigidity also had later onset of gender stereotype flexibility (flexibility reached by age 10)
28
how social factors/societal values contribute to gender stereotype flexibility
- 6 year-olds show greater gender stereotype rigidity for masculine role and greater gender stereotype flexibility for feminine role
- mirrors adult responses to cross-gender behaviour
29
How Skinner's theory of operant conditioning would explain sex typing
parents/adults reinforce (ie. through smiling) gender conformity and punish (ie. through frowning) cross-gender behaviour
30
How Bandura's theory of observational learning would explain sex typing
- children observe models that conform to gender norms
| - models can be parents, media, etc.
31
gender constancy theory
- when children acquire an understanding of gender constancy, sex-typing increases
- old theory that isn't well-supported by data
32
gender schema theory
- once children acquire an understanding of gender identity, sex-typing increases
- there is data to support this
33
universal stages of gender knowledge
- gender identity
- gender stability (across the lifespan)
- gender constancy
34
gender identity stage
- acquired at 2.5-3 years
| - question asked: "is this a boy or a girl?"
35
gender stability
- acquired at 3-4 years
| - question asked: "what will the girl be when she grows up? A mom or a dad?"
36
gender constancy
- acquired at 5-7 years
| - question asked: "if this girl cut her hair short, will she be a boy?"
