Chapter 7 Flashcards
social needs of early childhood vs. middle childhood
- early childhood: playmate
- middle childhood: reciprocal trust (expectation for exclusiveness/best friends, same-sex)
Parten’s 3 Stages of play
- parallel play
- associative play
- cooperative play
parallel play
children play side-by-side, but they don’t interact with each other (seen as young as 14 months)
associative play
- brief interactions
- no joint activities yet (ie. not working on the same task yet)
cooperative play
- children are capable of performing joint tasks (3-4 years)
- requires sharing, taking turns, and group-entry skills (aka: group maintenance skills in middle childhood)
why is friendship selection based more on sex than anything else?
Because of the “society of childhood” -> rules kids make up (ie. girls can only play with girls)
interactional differences in same-sex friendships
- more pronounced in middle childhood than early childhood
- girls: enabling style
- boys: restricting/constricting style
in middle childhood, ___ aggression decreases but ___ aggression increase
- physical; retaliatory
- retaliatory is higher because they can understand intent now
nature of aggression in early childhood
- physical aggression: overt/direct/observable
- peaks around 2-3 years
nature of aggression in middle childhood
- indirect/covert aggression: unobservable
- relational aggression: aimed at damaging another’s peer status or reputation/self-esteem (goal: social exclusion using slander)
Key findings in Cote’s study of childhood aggression
- Over 1/2 of 2-3 year-olds showed occasional physical aggression (at least once a week)
- whereas 1/2 of 10-year-olds showed only infrequent physical aggression (less than once a month)
similarities and differences between aggression and bullying
- similarity: both must be intentional
- difference: bullying is a specific type of aggression that involves a power imbalance (bully has more power) and must be repetitive (picks on same victim at least twice)
how do researchers measure child peer status?
- ask “if you could only invite 5 people from class to your birthday party, who would you invite? -> indicates 3 types of peer status
- “is there someone you wouldn’t invite?” -> indicates rejected child
3 types of peer status (related to birthday party question)
- popular: most invitations
- average: average number of invitations
- neglected: 0-2 nominations
how does peer status influence bullying interactions?
- bully: usually popular (need high level of status to bully)
- victim: usually neglected
- both a bully and a victim: usually rejected
- bystanders: usually average