Chapter #7: Intelligence, Reasoning, Creativity, & Widsom Flashcards
Robert Sternberg argued that intelligence involves more than fixed set of characteristics, what are his 3 clusters of intelligence?
(1) Ability to Solve Problems
(2) Communication
(3) Social Competence
According to the Life-Span Perspective what are the 4 interconnected aspts of intelligence?
(1) Multidimensionality
(2) Multidirectionality
(3) Plasticity
(4) Inter-Individual Variability
Life-Span Persective - What is Multidimensionality?
many domains of intellectual abilities underlie intelligence
Life-Span Perspective - What is Multidirectionality?
distinct pattern of change in abilitise over the lifespan
Life-Span Persepctive - What is Plasticity?
the range of functioning within an individual and the conditions under which a person’s abilities can be modified
Life-Span Perspective - What is Inter-Individual Variability?
adults differ in the direction of their intellectual development
What are the components of Baltes mode of inellectual functioning?
(1) Mechanics of Intelligence
(2) Pragmatic Intelligence
What is Mechanics of Intelligence?
concerns the neurophysiological architecture of the mind
* provides the foundaitonal bases for cognitive abilities
* associated w/ attention, reasoning, spatial orientation, and perceptual speed
What is Pragmatic Intelligence?
concerns acquired bodies of knowledge available from and embedded within culture
* verbal knowledge, wisdom, and practical problem solving
What is the Psychometric Approach?
An approach to intelligence involving defining it as performance on standardized tests
What is the Cognitive-Structural Approach?
an approach to intelligence that emphasizes te ways people conceptualize problems and focus on modes or styles of thinking
Structure of Intellignece
the organization of interrelated intellectual abilities
What is a Factor?
The interrelations among performances on similar tests of psychometric intelligence
Primary Mental Abilities
Independent abilites based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests
What are the 5 representations of Primary Mental Abilities?
(1) Number - basic skills underlying mathematical reasoning
(2) Word Fluency - how easily we produce verbal descriptions
(3) Verbal Meaning - our vocabulary ability
(4) Inductive Reasoning - our ability to extrapolate from particular to general
(5) Spatial Orientation - our ability to reason in the 3D world
Secondary Mental Abilities
Broad-ranging skills composed of several primary mental abilities
Fluid Intelligence
Consists of abilities that make you a flexible and adaptable thinker
* abilities needed to understand respond to any situation
* inductive reasoning, integration, abstract thinking
Crystalized Intelligence
the knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture
* knowledge, comprehension of communication, judgement, and sophistication w/information
Neural Efficiency Hypothesis
states intelligent people process information more efficiently, showing weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people
How do Cohort Differences moderate Inellectual Change?
- reflects better education opportunities, healthier lifestyles, better nutrition
- indicates interpreting data from cross-sectional is difficult
- drawing any meaningful conclusions is nearly impossible
How does Information Processing moderate intellectual change?
- General processing restraints may help identify mechanisms underlying decline in Fluid Intelligence
- Inability to inhibit actions/thoughts may account for functioning in fluid/mechanics
How does Social & Lifestyle Welfare moderate Intellectual change?
Slower rates of intellectual decline associated with:
* Higher SES
* Exposure to stimulating environments
* Utilization of cultural and educational resources
How does Personality moderate intellectual change?
Levels of self-efficacy
* high levels of fluid abilities and sense of intenral control led to positive changes
* Positive beliefs and attitudes tend to experience less decline in intellectual competence
How does Health moderate intellectual change?
Vascular disease
Terminal Decline
the gradual decline in cognitive functions that occurs realitvely near death
What is Piaget’s Theory of Adaptation?
The process of adjusting thinking to the environment, the organization of thought is reflected in cognitive structures that change over the lifespan
What is Assimilation?
the use of currently available knowledge to make sense out of incoming information
* can lead to distortion of info; force-fit
What is Accomodation?
changing one’s thoughts to make it a better approximation of the world experience
What are Piaget’s 4 Intellectual Developmental Stages?
(1) Sensorimotor Period
(2) Preoperational Period
(3) Concrete Operational Period
(4) Formal Operational Period
Aspects of Sensorimotor Stage
- gain knowledge by using sensory and motor skills
- objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Aspects of Preoperational Stage
Egocentric - believe all people and all objects experience the world as they do
* Accidental associations
Aspects of Concrete Operational Stage
- emergence of logical reasoning
- mental reversal series of events
Aspects of Formal Operational Stage
Acquisition of abstract thinking
4 main aspects
* Hypothesis-Testing Approach to Problem Solving
* Thinking is done in one framework at a time
* The goal is to arrive at one correct solution
* Uconstrained by reality
Postformal Thought
characterized by recognition that truth may vary from situation to situiation
* solutions must be realistic to be reasonable
* Ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than expectation
* Emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking
Reflective Judgement
thinking that involves how people reason through dilemmas
* Involving current affairs, religion, science, etc.
What are the Stages of Reflective Judgement?
Stages 1-3: Preflective Thought
Stages 4-5: Quasi-Reflective Thinking
Stages 6-7: Reflective Judgement
What is Prereflective Thought?
- typically do not acknowlege and may not even perceiv that knowledge is uncertain
- do not understand some problems exists when there is not a clear and absolute correct answer
What is Quasi-Reflective Thinking?
- likely to say nothing can be known for certian and to change their conclsuion based on situation and evidence
- argue knowledge is quite subjective
Unexercise Ability
the ability a normal, healthy adult would exhibit without pracitce or training
e.g. Fluid inteliigence
Optimally Exercised Ability
the ability a normal, health adult would demonstrate under the best conditions of training or practice
e.g. Crystalized Intelligence
Observed Tasks of Daily Living (OTDL)
consists of 3 dimensions related to 3 specific problems in everyday life
1.Food Preparation
2.Medication Intake
3.Telephone Use
How does Fluid Intelligence Change with Age?
Declines after it peaks in midlife
How does Crystalized Intelligence Change with Age?
Remains stable and can improve
The Seattle Longitudinal Study results showed?
Fluid abilities declined earlier (~mid 60s), while crystalized abilities declined later (~70s-80s)
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Consists of 3 components of intelligence (mental capabilities to adapt)
What are Sternberg’s 3 components of intelligence?
- Creative (Insight) - to solve new problems from prior experience
- Analytical (Book Smarts) - break problems into components, devise strategy, solve
- Practical (Street Smarts) - problems different at each culture and age
What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
- Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical
- Body-Kinesthetic
- Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic
- Existential
How does Decision Making change with age?
- Low Fluid Intelligence search for and rely on less accessible information, avoid risk, and base decision on gist rather than details
- High Crystalized Intelligence is more context-sensitive, do better on practiced-knowledge
What is Denny’s Model?
Model stating the everyday problem solving gets better from teens to adulthood and decline some in later adulthood
Creativity in Older Adults
Creative = making something new, high in demand, and task appropriate
* Creative output and ideas peak in early 40s and decline afterwards
Swan-Song Phenomenon
a resurgance of creative output following a post-peak decline in the rate of creativie productivity
What stage of Erikson’s development stages is Wisdom assocaited with?
Integrity vs. Despair
What are the four charactersitics of Wisdom according to Erikson?
(1) Pertains to important matters of life
(2) Truly “superior” knowledge, judgement, and advice
(3) Extraordinary scope, depth and balance
(4) Combines mind and virtue, knowledge and action
What form of intellignece are Wise individuals experts in?
Crystalized Intelligence
* Balance reflection/action & cognition/emotion
* Integrate opposite view points
* Getting experience and making something with it
* Aware that truth is not absolute
What is the newer model of Wisdom?
- Recognize the limit of one’s knowledge
- Others’ perspective and larger context
- Uncertainty and change
- Integrate multiple perspectives
- Metacognition
What are characreristics of Lifelong Learning/Adult Learners?
- Adult Learners need flexibility to meet requirements
- Focus on “why” they need the information, comprehend and apply, link life experiences
- More internally driven vs. grade/tests
