Chapter #13: Death & Dying

Question 1

Sociocultural definitions of Death

Answer 1

Death is a universal experience
* some cultures view death as a transition to a different type of existance
* patterns of multiple deaths and rebirths

Question 2

Thanatology

Answer 2

the study of death, dying, grief, bereaverment, and social attitudes towards these issues

Question 3

Clinical Death

Answer 3

lack of heartbeat and respiration

Question 4

Whole-Brain Death

Answer 4

death that is declared only when the deceased meets certain criteria established:
1. Person is in a coma
2. All brainstem reflexes have permantely stopped working
3. Breathing has permantely stopped; a ventiltor is being used

Question 5

Persistent Vegetative State

Answer 5

situation in which a person’s cortical functioning causes while brainstem activity continues
* following disruption of blood flow, severe head injury, and drug overdose
* allows for spontaneous heartbet and respiration but not for consciouness

Question 6

Bioethics

Answer 6

study of the interface between human values and technological advances in health and life sciences
1. Respect for individual freedom
2. Impossibility of establishing any single version of mortity by rational thought or common sense
*the minimization of harm and maximization of good

Question 7

Euthanasia

Answer 7

the practice of ending life for reasons of mercy
* moral dilemma comes down to deciding the circumstances a person’s life should be ended

Question 8

Active Euthanasia

Answer 8

the deliberate ending of someone’s life

Question 9

Passive Euthanasia

Answer 9

allowing a person to die by withholding available treatment

Question 10

Physician-Assisted Suicide

Answer 10

process in which physicians provide dying patients with a fatal dose of medcation that is self-administered

Question 11

Life-Course Approach

Answer 11

older adults are less anxious about death and have less trouble accepting it
they realize their own mortality as they become the oldest generation of their family

Question 12

Kubler-Ross’ Work - 5 Death Reactions

Answer 12

described 5 reactions that represent the ways in which we deal with death
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

not everyone experiences each stage or in the sequence order

Question 13

Contextual Theory of Dying

Answer 13

The realization that there is no one right way to die
4 dimensions that individuals are tasked with facing
1. Bodily Needs
2. Psychological Security
3. Interpersonal Attachment
4. Spiritual Energy & Hope

Question 14

Death Anxiety

Answer 14

peopole’s anxiety or fear of death and dying
* the ethereal, unknown nature of death is what makes us uncomfortable

Question 15

Terror Management Theory

Answer 15

addresses the issues of why people engage in certain behaviors to acheive particular states based on deep rooted moral dilemmas

Question 16

Neuroimaging shows

Answer 16

Right Amygdala, left rostral anterior angulate cortex, and right caudate nucleus have greater activity

Question 17

Older adults have less death anxiety

Answer 17

• tendency to engage in life review
• different persepctive about time
• higher level of religious motivation
• Women more specifically fear the dying process itself

Question 18

Koestanbaum’s exercise to increase one’s Death Awareness

Answer 18

• write your own obituary
• plan your own death and funeral services
• “What circumstances would help make my death acceptable?”
• Death Education –> increases awareness of complex emotion experienced by dying people and their family

Question 19

End of Life Issues

Answer 19

a variety of issue management of the final phase of life, after-death disposition of body, memorial services, and distirubtion of assets

Question 20

Final Scenario

Answer 20

making choices known about how one does and does not want to die

Question 21

Hospice

Answer 21

an approach to asist dying people that empahsizes pain amangement, and death with dignity
* places emphasis on dying person’s quality of life

Question 22

Palliative Care

Answer 22

care that is focused on pain relief and other symptoms of disease at any point during the process

Question 23

Living Will

Answer 23

a document which a person states their wishes about their life support and other treatments

Question 24

Healthcare Power of Attorney

Answer 24

a document in which an individual appoints someone to act as their agent for healthcare decisions

Question 25

Do not Resuscitate (DNR) Order

Answer 25

a medical order that means CPR is not started should one’s heart and breathing stop

Question 26

Patient Self-Determination Act 1990

Answer 26

requires healthcare facilities to provide information to patients:
1. To make their own healthcare decisions
2. Accept or refuse medical treatment
3. Make an advance healthcare directive

Question 27

Bereaverment

Answer 27

the state or condition caused by loss through death

Question 28

Grief

Answer 28

the sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feeling that one has after sufgfering a loss; responses to emotional reactions

Question 29

Mourning

Answer 29

the ways we express grief; culture impacts this

Question 30

Anticipatory Grief

Answer 30

grief experienced during the period before all expected eath occurs
* supposedily acts as a buffer to the impact of the loss when it does come

Question 31

Grief Work

Answer 31

the psychological side of coming to terms with bereaverment

Question 32

Muller & Thompson 5 Themes of Experiencing Grief

Answer 32

1. Coping - what people do to deal with their loss in terms of what helps them
2. Affect - people’s emotional reactions to death of their loves ones; certain topics can be a trigger
3. Charge - the way survivor’s life changes as a result of the loss; personal growth
4. Narrative - the stories survivors tell about their deceased loved ones, that someontimes includes detail about the process
5. Relationship - who the deceased person was, and the nature of the ties between that person and the survivor

Question 33

Anniversary Reaction

Answer 33

change in behavior related to feelings of sadness on the anniversary of the loss
* normal in grief
* grief peaks within the first 6 months

Question 34

Coping with Grief

The Four-Component Model

Answer 34

Model that proposes grief is based on:
1. The context of loss
2. Continutaiton of Subjective
3. Changing Representations of the lost relationship overtime
4. The role of coping nad emotional regulation

Question 35

Grief Work as Rumination Hypothesis

Answer 35

not only reject the necessity of grief procesing for recovery from loss, but views extensive grief processing as a form of rumination that may actually increase distress

Question 36

Dual Process Model (DPM)

Answer 36

view of coping bereaverment that integreates loss-oriented stressors and restoration-orientated stressors

Question 37

Model of Adaptive Grieving Dynamics (MAGD)

Answer 37

model of grief on 2 pairts of adaptive grieving dynamics
1. Lamenting / Heartening
2. Integrating / Tempering

Question 38

What is Lamenitng/Heartening

Answer 38

Lamenting - expierencing and/or expressing grieving responses that are distressful, disheartening, and painful

Heartening - experiencing and/or expressing grieving responses that are gratifying, uplifting

Question 39

What is Integrating/Tempering

Answer 39

Integrating - assimilating internal/external changes catalyzed by a grief-inducing loss, and reconciling differences in past, present, and future realities in light of change

Tempering - avoiding chronic attempts to integrate changed realities impacted by a grief inducing loss, that overwhelm a griever’s and/or community resources, and capacity to integrate

Question 40

Ambiguous Loss

Answer 40

refers to situations of loss in which there is not closure or resolution
* e.g. Missing person, or mentally not present

Question 41

Complicated Grief

Answer 41

expressions of grief that is disintguished from depression and noraml grief in terms of seperation and trauamtic distress

Question 42

Separation Distress

Answer 42

expression of complicated or prolonged grief characterized by long and searching for deceased, upsetting memories, isolation, and preoccupation

Question 43

Traumatic Distress

Answer 43

expression of complicated or prolonged grief characterized by feelings of disbelief about death, mistrust, anger, and detatchment from others

Question 44

Disenfranchised Grief

Answer 44

a loss the appears insignificant to others that is highly consequential to the person who suffers the loss