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PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging > Chapter #2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development & Aging > Flashcards

Chapter #2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development & Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

the study of the brain; specifically the plasticity of aging

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2
Q

Neuroimaging

A

a set of techniques in which pictures of the brain are taken in various ways to provide understanding of both normal and abnormal cognitive aging

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3
Q

Structural Neuroimaging

A

highly detailed images of anatomical features of the brain
* X-rays, CT scans, and MRI
* shows specific structures at a point in time

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4
Q

Functional Neuroimaging

A

provides indication of brain activity
* SPECT, PET, fMRI
* shows what parts of the brain are active when people do specific tasks

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5
Q

What are the advantages to the study of aging with Neurosciene?

A
  1. Development of new interventions
  2. Protects adults from exploitation
  3. Can test models of cognitive aging
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6
Q

Neuropsychological Approach

A

compares brain functioning of healthy adults to individual displaying various disorders in the brain

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7
Q

Neuro-Correlational Approach

A

attempts to relate measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure/functioning
* correlation does not equal causation

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8
Q

Activation Imaging Approach

A

attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behvioral data
* real time investigation

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9
Q

Compensatory Changes

A

change that allows older adults to adapt to the inevitable behavioral decline resulting from changes in specific areas of the brain

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10
Q

Neurons

A

a brain cell; brain is made up of them

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

receives signals from other nearby neurons

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12
Q

Axon

A

transmits information from cell body to terminal branches

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13
Q

Terminal Branches

A

endpoints in a neuron that helps transmit signals across the synapse

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that carry information signals between neurons across the synapse

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15
Q

Synapse

A

the gap between neurons

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16
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

the study of the structure of the brain

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17
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outermost region of the brain
Consists of left and right hemispheres

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18
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

thick bundles of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Prefrontal & Frontal Cortex

A

prt of the frontal lobe that is involvd in executive functioning

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20
Q

Executive Functions

A

the ability to make and carry out plans, switch between tasks, and maintain attention and focus

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

back of the brain
associated with motor functioning and balance

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22
Q

Hippocampus

A

in the middle of the brain
plays a key role in memory and learning

23
Q

Limbic System

A

set of brain structures involved with emotions, motivation, and LTM

24
Q

Amygdala

A

plays a role in emotion

25
Q

What age-related changes occurs in neurons?

A
  • As we age, the number of neurons in the brain declines
  • Decreases in size and number of dendrites
  • Tangles in the axon fibers; severs connections
  • Plague; increase deposits of proteins
26
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning
* inhibits thoughts, attention, planning, emotion, pleasure, and pain

27
Q

Dopaminergic System

A

neuronal system that use dopamine as their major neurotransmitter
* Effective functioning declines in normal aging

28
Q

Declines in the dopaminergic system include…

A
  1. Short term and working memory efficiency loss
  2. declines in several aspects of memory
29
Q

Serotonin

A

involved in several types of brain processing
* memory, mood, appetite, and sleep

30
Q

Abnormal processing of Serotonin is associated with what?

A

Cognitive decline in moral aging
Alzheimer’s

31
Q

Acethylcholine

A

important role in arousal, sensory perception, and sustaining attention

32
Q

White Matter

A

neurons that are covered by myelin that serve to transmit information from one part of the brain to another

33
Q

White Matter Hyperintesities

A

abnormalities in the brain often found in older adults
*Associated with cognitive decline

34
Q

Neural Atrophy

A

brain shrinkage
the process is selective; executive functions show more shrinkage than sensory functions

35
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

form of magnetic resonance imaging that assesses the rate and direction that water diffuses throguh white matter

36
Q

Theory of Mind (ToM)

A

helps us understand that other people have beliefs, desires, ideas, feelings, intentions, and viewpoints that are different from our own
*Age related decline in 75+

37
Q

Executive function failure in older adults may result in…

A
  1. Selection of irrelevent information as relevant
  2. inability to direct attention away from irrelevant information
  3. inefficiency in switching tasks
38
Q

Changes in the hippocampus with memory is associated with…

A
  1. Declines in autobiographical memory and recognizing patterns
  2. Impacts on memory in the terms of Alzheimer’s
39
Q

How does the Amygdala change?

A

Decreases in processing of negative emotional information
Increases in processing of positive emotional information
* Increased emotional regulation with age

40
Q

Positivity Effect

A

the fact that older adults are more motivated to derive emotional meaning from life and to maintain positive feelings
* activation of amygdala is important

41
Q

The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT)

A

proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal areas of the brain
* predicts Fluid Intelligence
* accounts for individual differneces in intelligence as having their origins in individual differneces in brain structure and in function

42
Q

How do older adults compensate for brain changes?

A

Bilaterial Activation is older adults is associated with higher performance across a number of tasks

43
Q

HAROLD Model

A

explain the empirical findings or reduced lateralization in the prefrontal cortex lobe activity in older adults

44
Q

What does the HAROLD Model suggest?

A
  • The purpose of reduced lateralization with age is compensatory in nature
  • recruiting additional neural units and using them to increase functioning
45
Q

CRUNCH Model

A

describes how the aging brain adapts to neurological decline by recruiting additional neural circuits to perform tasks adequately

46
Q

What does the CRUNCH model suggest?

A
  • When task demands are increased, more activationcab be found in the same brain regions that is activated
  • when different brain regions are activated to compensation for lacking or insufficent processing resources
47
Q

PASA Model

A

from occipital to frontal processing is thought to reflect age related compensation

48
Q

STAC-r Model

A

the idea that age-related changes in one’s ability to function reflect a life long process of compensating for cognitive decline by recruiting additional brain areas, and takes life-course factors that enhance or depleted neural resources

49
Q

Default Network of the Brain

A

regions of the brain that are most active when one is at rest
* suggests that older adults create and rely on backup nerual pathway
* initial scaffolding remains as a secondary back up

50
Q

Neural Resource Enrichment

A

any influence that serves to enhance brain structure or function

51
Q

Neural Resource Depletion

A

refers to hose influences on the brain that are harmful

52
Q

Plasticity

A

the changes in the structure and function of the brain as the result of interaction between the brain and the environment

53
Q

Neural Stem Cells

A

cells in the brain and spinal cord that are thought to give rise to the borad array of specialized cells of the CNS
* Brain cells CAN regenerate underneath the right circumstances

54
Q

What are 3 nurtuent biomarker patterns assocaited w/ cognitive function and brain volume

A

+ higher blood plasma of vitamins B, C, D, E
+ higher blood plasma of Omega-3
- high transfat

PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging (12 decks)

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