Chapter #11: Relationship Flashcards
Friendship
a mutual relationship in which those who are involved, influence one anothers behaviors and beliefs, and define friendshop quality as the satisfaction derived from the relationship
* based on feelings and grounded in recpirocity & choice
ABCDE Model
descirbes the 5 stages of friendships
1. Advancement
2. Buildup
3. Continutation
4. Deteroriation
5. Ending
3 Broad Themes of Adult Friendships
- Affective/Emotional Basis
- Shared/Communal Nature
- Sociability/Compatability Dimension
Affective/Emotional Basis
self-disclosure, expression of intimacy, appreciation, affection, and support
* based on trust, loyalty, and committment
Shared/Communal Nature
how friends participate in or support activites of mutual interest
Sociability/Compatability Dimension
how friends keep us entertained and are sources of amusement, fun, and recreation
Trust Develops in 4 Sources
- Reputation
- Performance, or what users do online
- Precommittment, through personal self-disculosure
- Situational Factors; premium placed on intimacy and the relationship
Do online social network friendships develop similar to in person ones?
True
Siblings bonds are generally:
closer and the longest lasting
* Centrality depends on proximity, health, prior relationships, and relatedness
* close in youth, drift as adults, come back together in old age
Do older adults tend to have fewer relationships?
Yes
Socioemotional Selectivity
argues that social contract is motivtated by a variety of goals, informational seeking, self-concept, and emotional regulation
* each goal is emotionally salient at different points of the adult life span
* Information seeking = young adult goal
* Emotional regulation = older adult goal
Men’s, Women’s, and Cross-Sex Friendships
4 characterstics of same-sex friendships do not appear to differ in men/women
1. Georgraphic proximity
2. Similarity of interests/values
3. Inclsion
4. Symmetrical Reciporcity
3 Characeristics that distinguish female/male same-sex relationships
1. Communion & Self-Disclosure
2. Greater effort and expectations from friends
3. Greater risk of corumination
Sternberg’s 3 Components of Love
a true love relationship consists of all 3
1. Passion - an intense psychological desire for someone
2. Intimacy - the feeling that you can share all your thoughts/actions with someone
3. Committment - the willingness to stay with a person through good and bad times
Infatuation
an intense physiclly based relationships
* high risk of misunderstanding and jealousy
As the length of a relationship increases
- intimacy + passion decrease
- intimacy + committment increase
Assortative Mating
a theory of people find partners based on their similarity to each other
* occurs more in Western Society that allows choice over their mates
Homogamy
the degree to which people are similar
* shows a likelihood to they “click” in many dimensions
1 in 5 couples in the U.S. meet online
physical attractiveness strongly influence initial selections online
Hookup Culture & Casual Sex
3/4 express regret hooking up
Culture is a powerful force in shaping mate selection occurs
countries that llow mate choosing tend to develop more secure romantic attachments
Abusive Relationship
a relationship that one partner displays aggressive behavior towards the other partner
Battered Women Syndrome
a situation in which a woman believes she canno leave an abusive relationship and where she may even go as far as to kill her abuser
* Risk Factors:
* 1. Female, African American
* 2. Living in atypical family structure
* 3. more romantic partners
What range of aggressive behaviors occurs in abusive relationships?
- Verbal Aggression
- Physical Aggresion
- Severe Aggression
- Murder
What are the characteristics of Verbal Aggression
insults, yelling, name calling, need to control, jealousy, misuse of power
What are the characteristics of Physical Aggression?
pushing, slapping, shoving
accept violence as means of control, modeling of phyiscal aggression, abused as a child, aggressive personality styles
What are characteristics of Severe Aggression?
beating, punching, hitting w/object
Personality disorders, emotional lability, poor self-esteem
Physical Abuse
the use of physical force that may result in bodily, injury, physical pain, or impairment
Sexual Abuse
nonconsensual sexual contact on any kind
Emotional/Psychological Abuse
infliction of anguish, pain, or distress
Financial/Psychological Abuse
the illegal or improper use of an older adult’s funds, property, or assets
Abandonment
the desertion of an older adult by an individual who had physical custody or assumed responsibility in care
Neglect
refusal or failure to fulfill any part of a person’s obligation or duties to an older adult
Self-Neglect
the behaviors of an older person that threaten own health or safety
1 in 10 older adults are at risk for some type of abyse, neglect, or exploitation
- lack of clear definitions across states
- embarassment of low reporting
- general lack of services
Many remain single as they focus on establishing their careers
- did not find the right person
- prefer singlehood
- decision to never marry is a gradual one
- identifying singlehood with marriage
Cohabitation
living with another person as part of a committed, intimate, sexual relationship
* increasingly popular in the United States
* primarily women, has doubled for older adults
* does not seem to make marriages better
LGBTQ+ Relationships
relationships of gay/lesbian couples have similarites to those heterosexual couples
* dual earner relationships
* majority are married
* share household chores
* Transgender & Non Gender Conforming older adults experience social isolations more than most
Marital Success
an umbrella term referring to any marital outcome
Marital Quality
the subjective evaluation of the couple’s relationship on a number of different dimensions
Marital Adjustment
the degree spouses accomodate each other over a certain period of time
Martial Satisfaction
a global assessment of one’s marriage
1 key factor to success is age
the younger the partners are, the lowers the odds the marriage will last
Homogamy
the notion similar interest and values are important forming strong, lasting, interpersonal relationships
Exchange Theory
a theory of relationships based on the idea each partner contributes something to the relationship the other would be hard-pressed to provide
* perceive fair exchange, equity, in all dimensions
Key Predictors of Marital Success
- respect for emotion
- attitudes towards marriage
- expression of love
- sexual adjustment
- importance of likings of the spouse
- temperament
- value
- taste & interest
Do married couples stay happy?
Overall marital satisfaction is:
* highest at the beginning of marriage
* falls until children leave home
* stabilities and continues to decline in later life
Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model
martial quality as a dynamic process that results from a couple’s ability to handle stressful events on the context of their particular vulnerabilities and resources
The Early Years of Marriage
couples tend to have global adoration for their spouse regarding spouse’s qualities
* stress incrases, satisfaction decline
* children are the main stressor
* Disillusionament - decline in feeling in love, in demonstrations of affectioon, feeling that one’s spouse as responsive
Married Singles
married couples who have grown apart but continue to live together
* emotionally divorced and live more as housemates
Older Couples Marriage
Marital satisfaction icnreases after retirement, but then decreases with health problems & advancing age
What are specific characteristics that married older adults?
- selective memeory regarding the occurence of the negative events, and perception of their partner
- reduced potential for martial conflcit
- greater potential for pleasure
- strong dyadic coping strategies
Most partners caregivers adopt the role of caregiver out of necessity and not choice
attempts to balance their perceived competence allows them to be proactive
stressful and rewarding in terms of martial relationships
Divorce in the United States has a 50-50 chance of getting married and remaining together
True
Gottman & Levenson proposed 2 models that predict divorce
- 7 years of marriage
- First child reaches age 14
Demand-Withdrawal Model
one partner places a demand on the other, who then withdrawals either emotionally or physically
Divorce Hangover
reflects divorced partners inability to let go, develop new friendships, or reorient themselves as single partners
* forgiving ex-spouse is important for eventual adjustment
Rates of remarriage differ dramatically be age
- women are less likely to remarry than men
- men are less likely to remarry in general
- European Americans are the most likely group to remarry
- African Americans, then Asian Americans
Widowhood
the death of a partner is one of the most traumatic events that they experience
* women are more likely to be widowed than men
* only 15% men are widowers are age 65+
* Loneliness is a major problem
Nuclear Family
form of family consisting only of parent(s) and children
Extended Family
the most common family form globally in which grand parents and other relative live with parents and children
Familialism
refers to the idea that the well-being of the family takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members
* high feelings of obligations to family
* raising multi-ethnic creates problesm
40% of births in United States are to mothers who are unmarried
varies across ethnic groups
* 72% among African Americans
* frustrations, failure, guilt, need to be other indulgent
* loneliness is expectant
* feel insecure about sexuality
1/3 of Northern American parents become step, foster, or adoptive parents during their lives
- issues in how strongly a child connects with them
- dynamics of blended families can be complicated
Kinkeepr
the person who gathers family members together for celebrations and keeps them in touch with each other
Sandwich Generation
middle-aged adults caught between the competing demands of two generations; their parents and their children
When children leave home, emotional bonds are disrupted
Mothers report feeling sad, but have more positive feelings about
children are regarded as success based on developmental experiences
Filial Obligation
the feelings that, as an adult, one must care for one’s parents
Adults experience stress for 2 main reasons
1. May have trouble coping with declines their parent’s functioning
2. Care situation is perceived as confining or seriously infringes on the adult chold’s other responsibilites
