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PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging > Chapter #1: Studying Adulthood Development & Aging > Flashcards

Chapter #1: Studying Adulthood Development & Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Gerentology

A

the scientific study of aging from maturity through old age

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2
Q

Perspectives of Study

What is the Lifespan Perspective?

A

divides human development into two phases:
* Early Phase = childhood & adolescence
* Late Phase = young adulthood, middle & old age

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3
Q

Perspectives of Study

What are Paul Balte’s 4 Key features of the Lifespan Perspective?

A
  1. Multidirectionality
  2. Plasticity
  3. Historical Context
  4. Multicausation
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4
Q

Multdirectionality

A

developement involves both growth and declines

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5
Q

Plasticity

A

one’s capacity is not concrete and can change

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6
Q

Historical Context

A

we develop with a certain set of circumanstances by historical time and culture

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7
Q

Multiple Causation

A

development is affected by a variety of causes

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8
Q

Perspectives of Study

What is the The Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model?

A

The model that states the lifespan development consists of interactions between growth, maintenance, and loss of regulation

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9
Q

Perspectives of Study

What are the three parts of the SOC model?

A

Selective in Goals
Optimize functioning
Compensate for declines and losses

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10
Q

Perspectives in Study

Mechanistic Perspective

A
  • “Machine”
  • Involves passive/active interactions
  • influenced by the environment

Examples:
* Operant Conditioning
* Classical Conditioning

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11
Q

Perspectives of Study

Organic Perspective

A
  • “Maturation”; as we mature we become the best version of ourselves
  • Active interactions
  • Discontinous stages

Example:
* Freud
* Erikson

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12
Q

Perspectives of Study

Contextual Perspective

A
  • An individual produces their own development with environmental interactions
  • Context: SES, race, gender, religion

Examples:
* “Goodness of Fit”
* Niche Picking

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13
Q

Perspectives of Study

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System

A
  • Chronosystem = Over various time frames
  • Macrosystem = cultural/societal interactions
  • Mesosystem = interconnections between systems
  • Microsystem = closest environment to the indiivdual
  • Exosystem = influences that are no immediately present but affect an individual
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14
Q

Persepctives of Study

What are the 4 Core Issues in Development?

A
  1. Natuer vs. Nurture
  2. Stability vs. Change
  3. Continuity vs. Discontinuity
  4. Universal vs. Context Specific
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15
Q

Population Pyramid

A

graphic technique for illustrating population trends

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16
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are the 4 Forces of Development?

A
  1. Biological Forces
  2. Psychological Forces
  3. Socio-Cultural Forces
  4. Life-Cycle Forces
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17
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Biological Forces?

A

All genetic and health-related factors that affect development

Examples:
* menopause
* facial wrinkling
* organ systems

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18
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Psychological Forces?

A

all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development

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19
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Socio-Cultural Forces?

A

interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development

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20
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Life-Cycle Forces?

A

reflects differences in how the same event or combination of all 3 forces affects people at different points in their lives

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21
Q

Biopsychosocial Framework

A

ways of organizing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

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22
Q

Cohort

A

a group of people born at the same point in time or within a specific time span

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23
Q

Interrelations Among the Forces

Normative-Age Graded Influnces

A

Exeperiences caused by forces of development that occur based on age/time
* Indicates a major change
* Examples: puberty, menopause, 21st birthday

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24
Q

Interrelations Among the Forces

Normative History-graded Influences

A

events that most people in specific culture experience at the same time
* Examples: epidemics, stereotypes, changing attitudes towards sexuality

25
Q

Interrelations Among Forces

Nonnormative Influences

A

random or rare events that are not experienced by everyone, usually unique to individual
* Examples: Winning the lottery, car accident

26
Q

The Meaning of Age

Primary Aging

A

normal, disease free development during childhood; an inevitable part of the process

27
Q

The Meaning of Age

Secondary Aging

A

developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes; not inevitable

28
Q

The Meaning of Age

Tertiary Age

A

the rapid losses that occur shortly before death

29
Q

The Meaning of Age

Emerging Adulthood

A

a period in which individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults

30
Q

Research Methods

Reliability

A

a measure that determines whether it yields consistent value

31
Q

Research Methods

Validity

A

a measure that determines whether it is measuring what it is said to

32
Q

Research Methods

Systematic Observations

A

Watching people and carefully recording what they say or do

33
Q

Research Methods

What are the pros and cons of Systematic Observation?

A

+ creates a setting where participants are more likely to respond
- difficult to generalize from stages to real world

34
Q

Research Methods

Self-Reports

A

sampling people’s answers to questions about the topic of interest

35
Q

Research Methods

Pros and Cons of Self Reports

A

+ gathers lots of information
- not always accurate

36
Q

General Designs for Research

Experimental Design

A

manipulating a key factor that the researcher believes is responsible for a particular behavior and randomly assigning participants and groups
* Shows cause and effect

37
Q

General Designs for Research

Correlational Design

A

examining relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world
* Shows strength of relationship

38
Q

General Research Designs

Correlation Coefficient

A

measured as r; represents the direction of the relationship between two variables
* measured on a scale of +1.0 to -1.0

39
Q

General Research Designs

What are the 3 strengths of relationships for Correlation Coefficients?

A

r = 0; no relationship
r > 0; positively related
r < 0; negatively related

40
Q

General Research Designs

Case Studies

A

studying one person in great detail

41
Q

General Research Designs

Pros and Cons of Case Studies

A

+ good for investigating rare phenomena
- cannot always be generalized to general population sample

42
Q

Designs for Studying Development

What 3 concepts are developmental designs based on?

A
  1. Age Effects
  2. Cohort Effects
  3. Time of Measurement Effects
43
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Age Effects

A

differences in development caused by underlying processes

44
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Cohort Effects

A

differences in development caused by experiences unique to generation

45
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Time of Measurement Effect

A

differences in development caused by the time in which data was obtained

46
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Confounding

A

Any situation in which one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behavior being observed

47
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Cross-Sectional Design

A

testing different age cohorts at the same time

48
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Pros and Cons of Cross-Sectional Designs

A

+ can be conducted quickly
+ not expensive
- does not provide data about continuity of development
- assumes that when older participants were younger, they were similar to younger cohort

49
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Longtiduinal Design

A

the same cohort is observed over different points in their life

50
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Pros and Cons of Longitduinal Design

A
  • Participant drop out or death
  • Risk of discovering developmental process that is unique to cohort
  • Practice Effects
51
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Microgenetic Design

A
  • type of longitdunal design
  • participants are tested over the span of days or weeks, (planned around a specific developmenta/life-cycle event)
52
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Pros and Cons of Microgenetic Design

A

+ tracking change as a result of intervention

53
Q

Time Lag Studies

A

studying the same age groups but at different times
* ex: divorce in 1960s vs 1990s
* good measure of historical differences

54
Q

Designs for Studying Development

Sequential Design

A

combintations of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs
* Cross Sectional: 2 or more cross sectional studies at 2 or more times of measurement
* Longitudinal: 2 or more longitudinal studies that represent 2+ cohorts

55
Q

Studying Ethically

What are the Ethics Guidelines?

A
  • minimize risk to participants
  • describe the research to potential participants, so that they can determine wish to participate
  • avoid deception; tell truth immediately
  • results should be anonyous and confidential
56
Q

Ageism

A

form of discrimination against older adults based on their age

57
Q

Average Life Expectancy

A

half the people born in a specific year have died

58
Q

Dependecy Ratio Burden

A

the burden of the older population needing to be cared for by the youth

PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging (12 decks)

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