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PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging > Chapter #10: Mental Health Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter #10: Mental Health Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Mental Health?

A

self-regard, accurate perception of reality, environmental mastery, autonomy, personal balance, grwoth, and self-actualization

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2
Q

What is the definition of mental health in terms of the Elderly?

A

Grief, exhaustion, appetite changes, sadness, hostility, passitivity may be justifiaible
* Same symptoms in young/old lead to different diagnosis
* Difficult to differentiate between normal and non as it changes with time, situations, cultures, and age groups

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3
Q

Mental Status Exam

A

short screening test that assess mental competence
* usually used as a brief indicator of dementia, or other serious cognitive impairments

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4
Q

What are the 2 main factors that influence Assessment?

A
  1. Biases (negative & positive)
  2. Enviornmental Conditions
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5
Q

What Biases affect the assessment process?

A
  • ethnic minorities and “diagnosed” problems that do not truly exist
  • Ageism - “diagnosed” with untreatable problems rather than a treatable problem
  • Women do not abuse alcohol can have a misdiagnosis
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6
Q

What Enviornmental Conditions affect the assessment process?

A
  • Assessments do not always get ideal environment
  • sensory or motor difficulties
  • Phyiscal health; mental health issues may be overlooked
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7
Q

What are the 5 components of Culture to consider in Mental Health?

A
  1. Emotional Expression
  2. Shame
  3. “Power Distance”
  4. Collectivism vs. Individualism
  5. Spirituality & Religion
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8
Q

Ethnic & Racial Biases in Mental Health

A
  • There is little research in minorities
  • In African Americans - higher total income lower depression, anxiety
  • Higher employment = greater anxiety
  • Moderated by sex with women even higher in both
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9
Q

Lifespan Approach to Psychopathology

A

Biopsychosocial
1. Biological Forces
2. Psychological Forces
3. Sociocultural Forces
4. Lifecycle Forces

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10
Q

Prevelance of Mental Disorders?

A
  • Women and men differ in depression and suicide rates
  • Women may not perceive or report abuse
  • Access to healthcare is different
  • Older adults seem to have the lowest rate of mental disorders, while it is higher in 18-29 and 30-40 years old
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11
Q

Assessment

A

to measure, understand & predict behavior, need medical, psychological, and sociocultural information

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12
Q

What are the 6 main methods of assessment?

A
  1. Direct Observations
  2. Clinical Interviews
  3. Self-Report/Report by Others
  4. Psychophysiological
  5. Neuroimaging
  6. Performance Based
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13
Q

What Stereotypes affect the assessment process?

A

Negative
* old, ethnic, poor, or gender causes misdiagnosis, missed symptoms, memory

Positive
* women do not abuse acohol, men do not get depressed

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14
Q

Therapy for menta disorders involve 2 approaches, what are they?

A

1) Medical Treatment
* monitored by age as metabolism changes
2) Psychotherapy
* enhances positive psychological traits as resilience, social engagement, and wisdom

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15
Q

What are the Symptoms & Characteritics of Depression?

A
  1. Dysphoria
  2. Physical Symptoms - insomnia, changes in apetite, diffuse pain, troubled breathing, headache, sensory loss
  3. Duration - symptoms must last as least 2 weeks
  4. Other observed causes must be ruled out
  5. Clinician must determine how patients’ symptoms affect daily life
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16
Q

Rates of Depression

A
  • Higher in females
  • Higher in young adults
  • Higher in whites, but higher in those with multiple ethnicities
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17
Q

Dysphoria

A

feeling down or blue, marked by extreme sadness

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18
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

focuses on attempts to alter current behavior without necessarily adresisng the underlying cause

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19
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

which attempts to alter the way people think as a cure for some forms of psychopoathology

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20
Q

Delirium

A

charactertized by confused thinking and reduced awareness of one’s environment that develop rapidly
* difficulty with attention, memory, orientation, and rambling
* Affects perception, sleep-wake cycle, personaity, mood

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21
Q

What is Dementia?

A

A family of diseases characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits involving some form of permanent damage to the brain
* involves severe cognitive and behavioral decline, gets worse over time

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22
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

most common form of progressive & degenerative, and fatal dementia, accounting for betwene 60% - 80% of all cases

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23
Q

What is Beta-Amyloid?

A

a type of protein involved in the formation of neuritic plaques both in normal aging; and in Alzheimer’s disease
* Prescence is related to severity of the disease

24
Q

Neurofibrillary Fibers

A

neurofibers become twistsed and interfere with the transmission of nutrients/information
* Number of tangles is directly related to the severity of symtpoms

25
Q

Where does Rapid Cell Death occur the most in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Hippocampus, The Prefrontal Cortex, and the Basal Forebrain

26
Q

Sundowning

A

the phenomenon when people with Alzheimer’s disease show an increase in symptoms later in the day

27
Q

Beta-Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis

A

refers to the process by which beta-amyloid deposits create neuritic plaques
* Leads to neurofibrillary tangles, causes neuronal death

28
Q

Spaced Retrieval

A

a behavioral, implicit - internal memory intervention used in early-and middle-stage dementia
* can be used to train nonmemory behaviors

29
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

a form of dementia caused by a series of small strokes
* many have sudden onset
* most have history of cardiovascular or cerebrovasular disease
* Death occurs 2-3 years after onset
* 10%-15% of Dementia Cases

30
Q

Lewy Bodies

A

Abnormal accumulation of Alpha-Synuclein Protein inside neurons
* Fluctuating cognition with significant variations in attention and alertness
* Recurring complex visual hallucinations
* Spontateous feature of Parkinson’s Disease

31
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Caused by a deteroriation of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine
* known primarily for characteristic motor symptoms are easily observable
* very slow walking, difficulty getting into and out of chairs, slight hand tremor

32
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

a fatal autosomal dominant disorder that usually begins ages 30-45
* manifests through involuntary flicking movements of the arms and legs, inability to sustain a motor act, prominent psychiatric disturbances, clear personality change
* onset of symptoms is gradual
* progressive is ultimately lose the ability to care for themselves physically and mentally

33
Q

Alcohol-Related Dementia

A

Chronic alcohol use may result in cognitive decline, ranging from limited forms of amnesia or mild cognitive impairment to dementia
* Causes damage to Thalamus and Hypothalamus

34
Q

Confabulation

A

when the person to make up apparently believable, but completely fictitious stories that cover the gaps in memory

35
Q

AIDs Dementia Complex (ADC)

A

Occurs primarily in person with more advanced HIV infection
* inflammation of the glial cells may cause damange to brain and spinal cord
* confusion and forgetfulness, behavioral changes
* Progressive weakness, loss of sensation of arms and legs

36
Q

Psychoses

A

involves losing touch with reality and the disintegration of the personality
* Delusions - belief systems not based on reality
* Hallucinations - distortions in perception

37
Q

Schizophrenia

A

characterized by the severe impairment of thought processes
* content and style of thinking
* distorted perceptions
* loss of touch w/ reality
* abnormal motor behavior
* inappropriate emotionally

38
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

A

a drinking pattern that results in significnat and recurrent consequences that reflect loss of relaible control over alcohol use

39
Q

How is Dysphoria perceived in older adults?

A
  • Older adults may not talk about their feelings at all
  • May label feelings as pessimistic or helplessness
  • Shows signs of apathy, subdued self-deprication, expressionless
  • Common to withdraw, isolate, confine self to bed, and not tkae care of bodily functions
40
Q

How is Depression Measured in Older Adults?

A
  • Short Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
  • Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression (CES-D)
41
Q

Why is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) not reliable for older adults?

A

Questions consist of bodily questions that could be confused with normtive aging processes

42
Q

Medications to treat Depression

A
  • Selective Serotonin/Norepinephrine Inhibitors (SSRI, SNRI)
  • Norepinephrine & Dopamine (NDRI)
43
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

a form of treamtent for severe, long-duration depression; for those not responsive to medication

44
Q

What can cause Delirium?

A

Can be caused by any of a number of medical conditions
* Dehydration, medication side effects, substance/intonxication, sleep deprivation, fever
* Older adults are particularly suspcetible
* 1/3 of cases are preventable

45
Q

What are the 2 genes associated with Early Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

APOE 2 - gene that prevents the development of dementia
APOE 4 - plays a role in the development of neuritic plaque

46
Q

What are the major symptom areas of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  1. Memory loss that interferes with daily life
  2. Difficulty in dealing with everyday problems
  3. Difficulty completing familiar tasks
  4. Confusion w/time or place
  5. Trouble understanding visual images
  6. New Problems w/ words
  7. Misplacing things/retracing steps
  8. Poor judgement
  9. Withdrawals from work or social
  10. Changes in mood/personality
47
Q

What is the model of the Beta-Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis?

A

Neuritic Plaques&raquo_space;> Neurofibrillary Tangles&raquo_space;> Neuronal Death&raquo_space;> Alzheimer’s

48
Q

What interventions exist for Dementia?

A
  1. Medications that block effect of beta-amyloid and tau proteins
  2. Behavioral Strategies - have more effect
49
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

A

a person is rewarded for doing desired behavior, but not rewarded for doing undesirable behavior

50
Q

What did the Nun Study Uncover about how to build Resiliency against Dementia?

A

Many participants had the neuropathology for Dementia, but never exhibited behavioral/clinicial dementia
* Higher cognitive reserve
* May be influenced by education/engagement, exercise, medi-diet, or lifestyles

51
Q

What influences the development of Parkinson’s?

A

A-snynuclein aggregates around the Substania Nigra
* dopamine in the systsem eventually die, creates issues in which proteins fold
* Involves the Gut Microbiome

52
Q

Characteristics of Anxiety

A

Increased blood pressure, heart rate, dry mouth, sweating, dizziness, headache, chest pain, insomnia

53
Q

Treatments for Anxiety

A

Medication, CBT, relaxation training

54
Q

How does Substance Use change in Older Adults?

A

Less recreational - more OTC, prescription meds, alcohol
* Craving&raquo_space;> impaired control&raquo_space;> physical dependence&raquo_space;> increased tolerance

55
Q

What are the Ethnic/Gender Differences with AUD?

A
  • 2-6x more likely for men, widowers after 75
  • Native American have higher likelihood than European Americans
56
Q

What are the 2 patterns of onset for Alcohol Use Disorder?

A
  1. Early onset in young adulthood or middle age with lifelong problems - 2/3 of prevelance
  2. Late onset proble drinking
    * less medical problems due to less exposure
    * more affluent, more women, more likely to start use after stressful event
57
Q

Treatment of AUD involves what?

A
  1. Stabilization & Education of Substance Consumption
  2. Treatment of Coexisting problem
  3. Arrangement of appropriate social interventions

PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging (12 decks)

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