Chapter #4: Longevity, Health, & Functioning Flashcards
What is the longest verified human lifespan?
Jeanne Calment; 122 years
Average Longevity
- the average life expectancy
- refers to the age that HALF of the individuals who are born a particuar year will have died
What is the average longevity of the United States?
79 Years Old
At age 65, U.S. women can be expected to live 20 more years, why?
- declines in infant mortality rates
- eliminating diseases
- better healthcare
Maximum Longevity
the oldest age to which any individual of a species lives
What is the estimated Maximum Longevity for humans?
120 Years
Active Life Expectancy
the age to which one can expect to live independently
Dependent Life Expectancy
the age to which someone can expect to live with assistance
What are some of the Genetic Factors that influence Longevity?
- Family history
- Gene mutations
What are some Enviornmental Factors that influence Longevity?
- Diseases
- Toxins
- Lifestyle
- SES
Ethnic Differences in Average Longevity
African Americans vs. White Europeans
* 4 years less for Men
* 3 years less for women
* By age 85, African Americans outlive White Europeans
Latinos have longest longevity
Gender Differences in Longevity
Women’s longevity lasts 5 more years at birth
* Infanticide of baby girls has been further prevented with better access to healthcare
International Differences in Longevity
- Less indunstrializaed countires have much shorter life expectancies
- Influenced by the majority of the population is youth
Health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being
Illness
the prescence of a physical or mental disease or impairment
Why are Self-Health ratings useful?
- Captures more aspects of health than other measures
- reflects changes in respondent’s health and life circumstances, experiences, and expectations
- Assessment of internal and external resources
Health-Related Quality of Life
all of the aspects of life that are affect by changes in one’s health status
Non-Health-Related Quality of Life
things in the environment that can affect our overall experience and enjoyment in life
Ex: entertainment, economic resources
Autoimmunity
the process by which the immune system begins attacking the body
Psychonerroimmunology
the study of relations between psychological, neurological, and immunological systems that raise or lower risk of disease
Acute Diseases
conditions that develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health
Chronic Diseases
conditions that last a longer period of time and may be accompanied by residual impairment and need long-term management
Stress & Coping Paradigm
views stress not as an enviornmental stimulus, but as the interaction of a thinking person and event
Primary Appraisal
first time one views a situation
* Is it irrelevant, positive, or stressful?
Secondary Appraisal
evaluating our percieved ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge
* What can I do?
* How likely is it that I can use one of my options succesfully?
Reappraisal
involves making a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from changes in the situation
* Can either increase or decrease stress
Coping
attempts to deal with stress
Problem-Focused Coping
attempting to tackle problems head one
Ex: flashcards, rehearsing a speech
Emotion-Focused Coping
dealing with one’s feelings about the stressful events
Ex: breathing exercises, affirmations
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Pancrease produces an insufficient glucose
Type I Diabetes
develops earlier in life and requires the use of insulin
Type II Diabetes
develops in adulthood and managed through diet
What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the United States?
Cancer
What are the most common forms of cancer?
Women: Breast
Men: Prostate
Incontinence
loss of the ability to control urination and bowel movements
Stress Incontinence
pressure on the abdomen excedes the ability to resist urinary flow
Urge Incontinence
CNS problem after stroke or UTI
Overflow Incontinence
improper contraction of the kidneys causes overdistened
Functional Incontinence
physical disability or cognitive impairment that makes them unaware of the need to urinate
Absorption
the time needed for a medication to enter the bloodstream
Drug Metabolism
the process of getting rid of medications in the bloodstream through the liver
Drug Excretion
the process of eliminating medications through the kidneys via urine, sweat, feces
Polypharmacy
the use of multiple medications
Disability
the effects of chronic conditions on people’s ability to engage in activites
Compression of Morbidity
the average age of onset of disability is postponed to later in life
Risk Factors
long standing behaviors or conditions that increase one’s chances of functional limitaton or disability
Extraindividual Factors
environment & healthcare
* Interventions, surgery, medications, social support
Intraindividual Factors
behavior and personality
* exercise program, keeping positive attitude
Exacerbators
situations that make situatons worse
Functional Health Status
how well the person is functioning in daily life
Hierarchy of Loss
sequence of the loss of functional abilities
Sacropenia
age related loss of muscle mass and strength
Activites of Daily Living (ADLs)
basic self-care tasks
* eating, bathing, walking
Instrumental Activites of Daily Living (IADLs)
actions that require more planning
* shopping, paying bills
Physical Limitations
activites that reflect functional limitation such as walking a block, or sitting
Phase 1 of General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm
* mobolize/get ready to act
Phase 2 of General Adaption Syndrome
Resistance
efforts to cope with stressor
Phase 3 of General Adaptation Syndrome
Exhaustion
depletion of energy/inner strength
Gender Differences in Stress
women
* oxytocin (cuddle hormone)
* tend & befriend
Men
* testosterone
* fight or flight
Transactional Model of Stress
the impact of the stressor is wholly dependent on our perception and appraisal of the stressor
Environmental Press Model
all of us have a certain level of competence and enviornmental demands
* for every level of competence, there is a certain amount of environmental press that fits well (adaptation level)
High Competence + Low Environmental Press
Bordemon, no challenge
Low Competence + High Environmental Press
Overwhelming
More environmental pressure =
Maximum Performance Zone
Less environmental pressure =
Zone of Maximum Comfort
Too much or too less environmental pressure
Maladaptive
3 ways to enhance positive affect
- Infuse routine events with positive meaning
- appraise events in a positive way
- use problem focused coping
What type of stress is good?
Acute Stress
Benefits of Acute Stress
neuroplasticity, body efficiency, healing, high accountability, autonomy
What type of stress is bad?
Chronic Stress
Dangers of Chronic Stress
lack of control, immunosupression, cardiovascular impacts, decreased prefrontal function
