Chapter #3: Physical Changes Flashcards
Theories of Aging
Metabolic Theories
organism only have so much energy that can expend in a lifetime
* reducing or using energy influences lifespan
* caloric restriction
Theories of Aging
Cellular Theories
- Haylick Limit
- Cross-Linking
- Free Radicals
Theories of Aging
Haylick Limit
number of cell divisions is limited
* telomeres regulate cell division
* the shorter they get, the cell divisions are less
Theories of Aging
Cross-Linking
interacting of proteins that cause the loss of effeciency prompts tissue and blood vessels to stiffen
* loss in flexibility
Free Radicals
highly reactive chemical produced randomly in normal
* can cause cell/DNA damage
* antioxidants help prevent them
Wear and Tear Theories
constant use of our bodies will eventually wear out and deteriorate our bodies
Genetic Programming Theory
cell death could be programmed into our genetic code
* epigenetic tags
What are the 3 approaches to reversing/slowing age?
- Delay chronic illness in old age
- Reducing/Slowing secondary aging
- Reverse aging damage caused by metabolic processes
BMI > 30
Obese
The 4 steps of Skin Wrinkling
- Skin becomes thin
- Loss of flexibility
- Skin starts sagging
- Skin loses fat padding
Changes in Hair
Hair loss = less germ cells
Graying = cessation of melanin
Changes in Voice
- lower pitch
- breathlessness, trembling
- glottal/husky sounds
Weight Changes
- Weight loss in 70s - 80s
- Men = “apple shape”
- Women = “pear shape”
Muscle Changes
- loss in strength
- Age 80 = 40% loss
Why are women more likely to have bone change issues?
- low bone mass
- depletion of estrogen
- suspectible to osteoprosis
Height Changes
compression of the spine from loss of bone strength
Osteoprosis
severe bone degeneration disease where severe loss of bone mass creates bones that resemble laced honeycombs
Osteoarthritis
form of arthritis marbed by gradual onset and gradual progression of pain and swelling
* wear and tear
* affects hands, spine, hips, and knees
Rheumatoid Arthritis
destruction form of arthritis that develops slowly and involves ifferent joints
* affects fingers, wrists, and ankles
* family history
* autoimmune
Presbyobia
the normative age-related loss of the ability to focus on objects (near or far)
* lens becomes more yellow
* stiff, harder, and inflexible
Cataract
opague spots on the lens that limits light trasnmitted
Gluacoma
improper drainage of the eye resulting in internal damage
* can see things in the center, but not edges of vision
Macular Degeneration
loss of visual acuity for stationary and moving objects
Retinopathy
can see things around the edges of vision but not the center
Presbycusis
normative-age related loss of the ability to hear high pitched noises
Congestive Heart Failure
heart’s ability to contract/pump severely declines
* causes heart to swell
Angina Pectoris
not enough oxygen is supplied to blood
* chest pressure/pain
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
heart attack
not enough blood supply to heart
Atherosclerosis
buildup/calcification of artery walls
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
stroke
blood supply cut off from the brain
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
family of age-related lung diseases that block passage of air
Emphysema
type of COPD
destruction of membrane around air sacs in lungs; lungs unable to empty completely
Climacteric
the transition from reproductive to nonreproductive years
Perimenopause
the transition between menstruation and menopause
Menopause
cessation of ovulation
