chapter 7- exam 2

Question 1

single trait approach

Answer 1

• takes one trait and examines correlations between one trait and many behaviors

Question 2

self monitoring

Answer 2

the degree to which our inner and outer selves and behaviors are the same or different across situations

Question 3

Many trait approach

Answer 3

• examines correlations between one behavior and many traits

Question 4

California Q set

Answer 4

• many trait approach
• 100 personality descriptions
• sort into a forced choice, symmetrical, and normal distribution
• compart characteristics within an individual

Question 5

delay of gratification

Answer 5

• denying oneself immediate pleasure for long term gain
• necessary for achieving many important goals
• girls need intelligence
• boys need shy, compliant, and anxious

Question 6

ego control

Answer 6

self control or inhibitions

Question 7

ego resilience

Answer 7

psychological adjustment

Question 8

drug abuse

Answer 8

• can be detected under delay of gratification

- use at age 14 can be predicted by restless, being fidgety, and emotional instability 10 years earlier

Question 9

depression

Answer 9

• risk factors for women include overcontrol and being shy and reserved
• risk factors for men include undercontrol and being unsocialized and aggressive

Question 10

essential trait approach

Answer 10

• factor analytic approaches to reducing the many to few
• what traits are the most important? which traits actually matter?
• big 5

Question 11

lexical hypothesis

Answer 11

if something is truly important and universal, there will be many words for it in all languages

Question 12

implication of big 5

Answer 12

• traits are unrelated to each other
• can bring order to many research findings
• more complex than they seems at first

Question 13

typological approach

Answer 13

• the study or systematic classification of types that have characteristics or traits in common
• well adjusted
• maladjusted overcontrolling
• maladjusted undercontrolling
• types do not predict behavior beyond what can be predicted with individual trait scores

Question 14

personality development

Answer 14

• personality changes over time, including from infancy and childhood to adulthood
• combination of genetic factors and early experience (nature and nurture)
• strong tendency to maintain individual differences throughout life in comparison to others
• stability increases with age

Question 15

Conscientiousness

Answer 15

• careful and vigilant about tasks, interested in doing well
• integrity test used to select employees
• predicts job performance
• predicts success in college, SAT and GPA
• predicts longer life expectancy, avoids risks
• positively correlated with years of schooling
• not correlated with intelligence

Question 16

extraversion

Answer 16

• social, outgoing, outspoken, dominant, adventurous
• higher status, more popular, physically attractive, positive emotions
• drink more alcohol, high risk of being overweight, mate poaching
• sensitive to rewards
• life outcomes: happy, grateful, long life, healthy, successful relationships

Question 17

agreeableness

Answer 17

• conformity, friendly compliance, likeability, warmth
• cooperative and easy to get along with
• smoke less
• women tend to be higher then men
• among children, related to less vulnerability of being bullied
• life outcomes: psychologically well adjusted, healthy heart, dating satisfaction

Question 18

neuroticism

Answer 18

• emotional instability, negative emotions
• ineffective problem solving, strong negative reaction to stress
• sensitive to social threats, anxious, and stressed
• negatively correlated with happiness, well-being, and physical health
• general tendency toward psychopathology
• life outcomes: problems with family relationships, dissatisfied with job, criminal behavior

Question 19

openness

Answer 19

• to experience
• most controversial trait
• more likely to believe UFOs, astrology, and ghosts
• life outcomes: drug use, artistic interest