chapter 16- exam 4

Question 1

personality processes

Answer 1

• the mechanisms that unfold over time to produce the effects of personality traits
• includes perception, thought, motivation, and emotion
• personality is a verb or something people do

Question 2

priming

Answer 2

activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it

Question 3

chronic accessibility

Answer 3

• the tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind
• people have a predisposition to be primed for certain concepts
• may come from evolution, temperament, or experience

Question 4

perceptual defense

Answer 4

• screening out information that might make us anxious or uncomfortable
• similar to repression and denial
• people can have physiological reactions to emotionally charged words before they are consciously aware of them

Question 5

perception

Answer 5

people are predisposed to perceive the world in different ways, part of our personalities

Question 6

rejection sensitivity

Answer 6

• people can be especially aware of suggestions of impending rejection
• influences interpretation of ambiguous signals
• often creates a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 7

aggression

Answer 7

• related to the automatic tendency to perceive others as having hostile intentions or as a threat
• ex: antisocial personality/conduct disorder

Question 8

short term memory (STM)

Answer 8

• where consciousness is located

- limited capacity : 7 + or - 2 (5-9)

Question 9

chunks

Answer 9

pieces of information that can be thought of as a unit

Question 10

ideographic

Answer 10

goals that are unique to the individuals who pursue them

Question 11

nomothetic goals

Answer 11

universal or essential motivations that almost everyone pursues

Question 12

implicit

Answer 12

unconscious goals people may not realize they have

Question 13

explicit goals

Answer 13

goals people are consciously aware of, can talk about, and describe

Question 14

pessimism

Answer 14

• defensive pessimism: assume the worst will happen, and use this to motivate goal-seeking behavior
• find relief when the worst outcome doesnt happen

Question 15

optimism

Answer 15

• assuming that the best will happen

- advantages and disadvantages to both but optimists are generally happier

Question 16

dual process model

Answer 16

• two systems that can work at the same time
• conscious thought is reflective
• unconscious thought is impulsive

Question 17

cognitive experiential self theory

Answer 17

rational and experimental system

Question 18

goals

Answer 18

• long term
• short term
• McClelland: achievement, affiliation, and power
• Emmon: enjoyment, self assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect
• Kaiser and Ozer: work and social interaction

Question 19

emotional circumplex models

Answer 19

self-transcendence, intrinsic, physical self, and extrinsic

Question 20

happiness

Answer 20

1. overall satisfaction with life
2. satisfaction with particular life domains
3. generally high levels of positive emotion and low levels of negative emotion
   - intentional activity 40%, circumstances 10 %, set point 50%

Question 21

emotion

Answer 21

• procedural knowledge
• cannot be learned or fully expressed through words, but only through action and experiences
• a set mental and physical procedure
• basic expressions: appraisal, physical response, facial expression, nonverbal behavior and motives

Question 22

core emotions

Answer 22

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust